16层螺旋CT对埋伏牙定位的研究

目的：多种16层螺旋CT重建技术在颌骨内埋伏牙的定位中的研究。方法：对31例埋伏牙患者行牙列轴位螺旋CT容积扫描,通过多层面重建（multiplanarrefomation,MPR）、容积再现（volumerendering,VR）、最大密度投影（maximunintensityprojection,MIP）等技术对图像进行后期处理,通过各种技术的应用,对颌骨内埋伏牙定位。结果：31例患者共41颗埋伏牙通过16层螺旋CT多种技术的组合应用均得以清晰显示埋伏牙位置、形态、大小、萌出方向及其与周围组织关系,对埋伏牙治疗的选择提供了依据。结论：16层螺旋CT可准确显示埋伏牙的位置,为治疗方案的选择提供客观依据;16层螺旋CT对显示颌骨内埋伏牙具有重要的应用价值。     

Social capital and neo-materialist contextual determinants of sense of insecurity in the neighbourhood: a multilevel analysis in Southern Sweden

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of contextual (social capital and neo-materialist) and individual factors on sense of insecurity in the neighbourhood. METHODS: The 2000 public health survey in Scania is a cross-sectional study. A total of 13,715 persons answered a postal questionnaire, which is 59% of the random sample. A multilevel logistic regression model, with individuals at the first level and municipalities at the second, was performed. The effect (median odds ratios, intra-class correlation, cross-level modification and odds ratios) of individual and municipality/city quarter (social capital and police district) factors on sense of insecurity was analysed. RESULTS: The crude variance between municipalities/city quarters was not affected by individual factors. The introduction of administrative police district in the model reduced the municipality variance, although some of the significant variance between municipalities remained. The introduction of social capital did not affect the municipality variance. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the neo-materialist factor administrative police district may partly explain the individual's sense of insecurity in the neighbourhood.     

A multilevel analysis of socioeconomic status and prostate cancer risk

PURPOSE: We investigated whether prostate cancer was associated with socioeconomic status (SES) at the individual level, area level, or a combination of both levels. METHODS: This population-based case-control study of prostate cancer in men aged 65 to 79 years was conducted between 2000 and 2002 in South Carolina. Complete interviews were available for 407 incident prostate cancer cases and 393 controls (with respective response rates of 61% and 64%). We used educational level to measure individual-level SES and a composite variable capturing income and education from 2000 Census data to measure area-level SES. RESULTS: After adjustment for race, age, geographic region, and prostate-specific antigen testing, men with some college were at reduced risk for prostate cancer (odds ratio [OR], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27-0.72), as were men in the highest quartile of area-level SES (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.34-0.80). When assessing individual-level and area-level SES simultaneously and accounting for their nonindependence, the independent negative associations persisted and appeared to be more striking for men with a diagnosis of localized disease, rather than advanced disease. CONCLUSION: The independent effects of area-level and individual-level SES on prostate cancer risk seen in our study may help explain the conflicting results of previous studies conducted at both levels.     

Mixed-Effects Variance Components Models for Biometric Family Analyses

Recent substantive research on biometric analyses of twin and family data has used both a biometric path analysis model (PAM) and a biometric variance components model (VCM). Methodological research on these same topics have suggested benefits of using linear structural equation model algorithms (SEMA) as well as mixed effect multilevel algorithms (MEMA). To better understand the potential similarities and differences among these approaches we first highlight the algebraic equivalence between the standard biometric PAM and the corresponding biometric VCM models for family data. Second, we demonstrate how several SEMA programs based on either the PAM or VCM approach produce equivalent estimates for all phenotypic and biometric parameters. Third, we show how the biometric VCM approach (but not the PAM approach) can be easily programmed using current MEMA programs (e.g., SAS PROC MIXED). We then expand the scope of these different approaches to include measured covariates, observed variable interactions and multiple relatives within each family. MEMA software is compared to SEMA software for programming complex models, including the flexibility of data input, treatment of missing data, inclusion of covariates, and ease of accommodating varying numbers of observations (per family or individual).     

长节段减压短节段融合治疗多节段退行性腰椎管狭窄症

目的:探讨长节段减压短节段融合治疗多节段退行性腰椎疾患的临床疗效。方法:2002年5月～2008年1月采取长节段减压短节段融合的方法治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症患者27例,男15例,女12例;年龄51～80岁,平均67.3岁。术前根据患者临床表现及影像学特点确定减压及融合节段,均在充分减压的基础上选择性融合,使融合节段少于减压节段。对于术前计划保留活动度的节段仅行单侧或双侧椎板间开窗减压。临床疗效采用JOA、VAS及ODI评估方法评定。随访拍摄腰椎动态X线片及腰椎MRI,观察单纯减压未行融合节段腰椎稳定性及融合相邻节段退变情况。结果:27例患者共减压56个节段,固定29个节段。随访14～84个月,平均38个月,末次随访时,临床功能JOA评分由术前11.4±2.8分提高到21.1±4.4分(P<0.01);ODI评分由术前平均65.0%±22.1%改善至23.0%±10.7%(P<0.01);腰痛VAS评分由术前6.0±2.3分改善至2.3±1.8分(P<0.01),腿痛VAS评分由术前7.9±1.6分改善至2.9±2.2分(P<0.01)。27例患者中26例对术后疗效满意。动态X线片检查未融合节段无医源性失稳;MRI复查未见需再次手术干预的相邻节段退变。结论:应用长节段减压短节段融合治疗多节段退行性腰椎管狭窄症可取得良好临床效果,在保留更多运动节段的同时未影响腰椎稳定性。     

孟连县农村居民两周患病及其影响因素的多水平模型分析

目的研究普遍开展基本公共卫生服务情况下孟连县农村居民的两周患病情况及其影响因素.方法 2012年2月,问卷调查多阶段分层随机抽取的孟连县2 011名农村居民两周患病情况.结果孟连县2 011名农村居民的两周患病率为97.5‰(95%CI 84.5‰~110.5‰),低于2008年全国四类农村水平(149.6‰,P<0.05);年龄别两周患病率变化趋势与全国四类农村相似,但0~14岁未成年人的两周患病率高于全国四类农村水平;两周患病率排名前5位的疾病是急性上呼吸道感染、急性肠胃炎、骨质增生、急性气管-支气管炎和类风湿性关节炎.以山区为组群水平解释变量、性别为个体水平随机斜率变量、其他个体背景变量为固定斜率变量所拟合的多层Logistic回归模型结果表明,山区与性别之间有跨层交互作用(P<0.05);家庭年收入<15 000元(OR=3.2378,95%CI 1.9014~5.5130)和年龄(OR=1.0163,95%CI 1.0002~1.0327)对2周患病有正效应;以未婚为参照,在婚对两周患病有负效应(OR=0.4727,95%CI 0.2534~0.8819).结论与普遍开展基本公共卫生服务前的全国四类农村水平相比,2012年孟连县农村居民两周患病率降低.加强山区妇幼保健、改善低收入家庭卫生条件、提高单身人群健康意识等举措有助于人群健康水平的进一步提高.     

A tale of two cities: The role of neighborhood socioeconomic status in spatial clustering of bystander CPR in Austin and Houston

Background

Despite evidence to suggest significant spatial variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) rates, geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial analysis have not been widely used to understand the reasons behind this variation. This study employs spatial statistics to identify the location and extent of clusters of bystander CPR in Houston and Travis County, TX.

Methods

Data were extracted from the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival for two U.S. sites – Austin-Travis County EMS and the Houston Fire Department – between October 1, 2006 and December 31, 2009. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between income and racial/ethnic composition of a neighborhood and BCPR for OHCA and to adjust expected counts of BCPR for spatial cluster analysis. The spatial scan statistic was used to find the geographic extent of clusters of high and low BCPR.

Results

Results indicate spatial clusters of lower than expected BCPR rates in Houston. Compared to BCPR rates in the rest of the community, there was a circular area of 4.2 km radius where BCPR rates were lower than expected (RR = 0.62; p < 0.0001 and RR = 0.55; p = 0.037) which persist when adjusted for individual-level patient characteristics (RR = 0.34; p = 0.027) and neighborhood-level race (RR = 0.34; p = 0.034) and household income (RR = 0.34; p = 0.046). We also find a spatial cluster of higher than expected BCPR in Austin. Compared to the rest of the community, there was a 23.8 km radius area where BCPR rates were higher than expected (RR = 1.75; p = 0.07) which disappears after controlling for individual-level characteristics.

Conclusions

A geographically targeted CPR training strategy which is tailored to individual and neighborhood population characteristics may be effective in reducing existing disparities in the provision of bystander CPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.     

Diabetes-related change in physical disability from midlife to older adulthood: evidence from 1996-2003 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan

One in five older adults in Taiwan have been diagnosed with diabetes. This study drew on disability data for 5121 nationally representative middle-aged and older adults from the 1996-2003 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan (SHLSET). By employing cohort sequential design and multilevel models, it combined cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence to characterize the age trajectory of physical disability from midlife to older adulthood and to discern the extent to which diabetes contributes to the variation in that trajectory. The main effects of diabetes and diabetes × age interaction in the fully controlled model provide evidence that diabetes independently and consistently changes physical functioning over and above natural aging processes in Taiwanese adults. In addition, while adding diabetes in the age trajectory of physical disability explained 3.2% and 1.6% of the variance in levels of and linear changes in physical disability trajectory, respectively, further adding follow-up status, sociodemographic factors and comorbidities altogether explained 40.5% and 29.1% of the variance in levels of and linear changes in that trajectory. These results imply that preventing the incidence of diabetes-related comorbidities may reduce the deterioration in both levels of and rates of change in physical disability.     

Does Time Since Immigration Modify Neighborhood Deprivation Gradients in Preterm Birth? A Multilevel Analysis

Immigrants’ health is jointly influenced by their pre- and post-migration exposures, but how these two influences operate with increasing duration of residence has not been well-researched. We aimed to examine how the influence of maternal country of birth and neighborhood deprivation effects, if any, change over time since migration and how neighborhood effects among immigrants compare with those observed in the Canadian-born population. Birth data from Ontario hospital records (2002–2007) were linked with an official Canadian immigration database (1985–2000). The outcome measure was preterm birth. Neighborhoods were ranked according to a neighborhood deprivation index developed for Canadian urban areas and collapsed into tertiles of approximately equal size. Time since immigration was measured from the date of arrival to Canada to the date of delivery, ranging from 1 to 22 years. We used cross-classified random effect models to simultaneously account for the membership of births (N = 83,233) to urban neighborhoods (N = 1,801) and maternal countries of birth (N = 168). There were no differences in preterm birth between neighborhood deprivation tertiles among immigrants with less than 15 years of residence. Among immigrants with 15 years of stay or more, the adjusted absolute risk difference (ARD%, 95% confidence interval) between high-deprived (tertile 3) and low-deprived (tertile 1) neighborhoods was 1.86 (0.68, 2.98), while the ARD% observed among the Canadian-born (N = 314,237) was 1.34 (1.11, 1.57). Time since migration modifies the neighborhood deprivation gradient in preterm birth among immigrants living in Ontario cities. Immigrants reached the level of inequalities in preterm birth observed at the neighborhood level among the Canadian-born after 14 years of stay, but neighborhoods did not influence preterm birth among more recent immigrants, for whom the maternal country of birth was more predictive of preterm birth.     

非湖北省地区COVID - 19发病宏观影响因素及各省发病趋势差异初探

目的 对非湖北省新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的宏观影响因素及各省发病趋势差异进行探究,并研究各省提前启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应的不同情景下的估计发病数。方法 由各级卫生健康委员会网站、百度迁徙网站获取2020年1月19日 - 2月19日,非湖北各省每日新增确诊病例数及武汉迁出人口数据、各省启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应启动时间。使用1阶惩罚拟似然法拟合多水平负二项回归进行分析,估计各省分别提前启动一级响应情景下的估计发病率及每日新增发病数。结果 武汉迁移至各省人口数、本地传播时间趋势、启动一级响应、启动一级响应后的时间趋势对COVID - 19发病率有影响,模型系数分别为0.082、0.086、0.302、 - 0.486。各省发病趋势存在差异,其中浙江、湖南、江西3省下降速度最快。各省同期估计发病数共计12 548（95%CI: 5 867, 28 635）例。若各省均提前至1月23日启动一级响应,各省同期估计发病数共计8 295（95%CI: 3 934, 18 239）例,总降幅约33.89%。结论 疫情首发地人口流动、非疫情首发地启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应对非湖北地区疫情趋势及总体规模有影响,今后面对类似传染病疫情发生时,应尽早控制疫情首发地的人口流动,采取严格应对措施,限制疫情影响地区的范围,避免更长时间、更广空间的疫情传播。