Reconstruction of malunited diaphyseal fractures of the forearm

The forearm is a complex anatomical and functional unit with unique osseous, soft tissue and articular relationships. Disruption of these important relations can have a significant impact, leading to pain, instability of the radio-ulnar articulation and reduced range of motion. The gold standard for treating forearm fractures in adults remains anatomic reduction, stable plate fixation and preservation of the surrounding blood supply. Failure to achieve these goals may lead to malunion, requiring reconstructive surgery, which can be technically challenging. In this review, we discuss the essential aspects of anatomy and pathomechanics, clinical and radiological assessment and the state of the art in pre-operative planning and deformity correction surgery.     

A novel radiological projection of the pelvis to evaluate the sitting imbalance in pelvis nonunions and malunions

IntroductionInadequate initial management of unstable pelvic injuries is usually associated with a fracture non-union and/or mal-union. Complete clinical and imaging evaluation is mandatory for a correct preoperative planning. Among other symptoms, sitting discomfort may arise from asymmetry of the ischial tuberosities or pressure from a prominent bony projection. Conventional radiographs are usually taken with the individual in a supine position and not in position where the symptoms are referred. We attempted to define a new radiological projection different than the regular pelvis views to study the position of pelvis of a normal person in sitting position. The second objective was to demonstrate its utility in the evaluation of a pelvic deformity.Material and methodsFifteen healthy individuals were evaluated with a radiological projection in a sitting position. One patient with a vertically migrated pelvis nonunion was also evaluated with the same radiological protocol.ResultsIn each volunteer’s radiological study, a parallel line could be drawn between the sitting table and both distal aspects of the ischial tuberosities, sacral alas and superior aspect of the iliac wings. A plumb line perpendicular to the above mentioned ones could be drawn uniting the vertebras’ spinous processes. A 90⁰ line intersection confirms the absence of deformity. In the pathological case, a pseudo scoliosis of the thoracolumbar spine is detected trying to compensate the pelvis obliquity and maintain equilibrium.ConclusionsWe determined normal and pathological radiological features in the sitting imbalance of the pelvic in the anteroposterior plane of the pelvis. The study helps to understand the biomechanics and compensation of the pelvis to define surgical indications and predict post correction anatomy.     

胫骨平台骨折畸形愈合的手术治疗

目的探讨胫骨平台骨折畸形愈合的手术治疗,总结临床经验。方法2000年6月～2005年6月,对29例胫骨平台骨折畸形愈合患者行手术重建。男18例,女11例;年龄19～43岁,平均31.6岁。交通事故伤17例,高处坠落伤10例,重物砸伤2例。受伤至就诊时间2.5个月～2年,平均9.7个月。伤后行保守治疗石膏外固定8例;手术治疗21例,其中多枚螺钉固定11例,解剖型钢板、高尔夫钢板或异型钢板固定共8例,外固定支架固定2例。合并前交叉韧带损伤4例,后交叉韧带损伤2例,半月板损伤6例,1例同时合并前、后交叉韧带损伤。手术重新复位固定19例,行胫骨高位截骨术7例,行单侧平台干骺端截骨术3例。结果28例获随访8个月～3年,平均13.6个月。根据Hohl膝关节功能评价方法,按疼痛、主动活动能力及活动范围、稳定性及患者自我评价等5个项目进行综合评分,优8例,良15例,可4例,差1例,优良率82.1%。结论胫骨平台骨折畸形愈合的重建手术,只有严格掌握适应证,并选择合适的术式,才能取得满意的治疗效果。全膝关节置换术只适用于老年患者,对于年轻的患者应尽可能行重建手术。     

跟骨丘部及后距下关节重建治疗跟骨骨折畸形

目的探讨保留距下关节跟骨丘部及后距下关节重建治疗严重陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合的方法及适应证。方法跟骨丘部及后距下关节重建治疗严重陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合8例，均为男性，年龄在21～34岁，平均31．5岁。单侧7例，双侧1例。损伤时间1～7个月，平均4．6个月。行重建丘部及后距下关节保留距下关节自体植骨的方法进行治疗，切除跟骨外膨的外侧壁，取跟骨外侧壁植骨7例，取髂骨植骨1例。结果8例9足获得随访，随访时间8～24个月，平均11个月。按美国足踝外科协会Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能：优4足，良4足，可1足，差0足，优良率为88．9％。所有患者术后足外形恢复良好。术后切口感染裂开1例、螺钉断裂1例，无跟骨内翻等并发症。骨折愈合时间10．5～16．2周，平均12．6周。术后X线片显示跟骨丘部高度、宽度、BoNer角，以及Gissane角基本恢复正常。结论重建跟骨丘部及距下关节自体植骨术具有矫正跟骨畸形，恢复后足外形及功能明显的优点，是治疗严重陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合的有效方法。     

踝上截骨术治疗踝关节骨折畸形愈合的策略

目的观察踝上截骨术治疗踝关节骨折畸形愈合的疗效。方法 2005年9月至2008年10月,对15例踝关节骨折畸形愈合患者行踝上截骨术治疗,13例获得完整随访资料。11例行胫骨内侧楔形截骨术即时矫正踝关节内翻,3例在即时矫正内翻的同时行跗管松解术,2例因踝关节内翻畸形愈合合并马蹄畸形在行胫骨圆形穹顶状截骨同时用Ilizarov外固定架下缓慢牵张矫正原始畸形,11例同时行腓骨退旋延长术。用美国骨科足踝外科协会AOFAS踝关节功能评分系统进行评分。结果 13例患者获得12～48个月（平均27.3个月）随访,骨折全部愈合,平均临床愈合时间为14.5周（11～17周）,完全负重时间1～19周（平均14.1周）。术后12个月踝关节AOFAS评分为61～95分,平均86.5分,其中优8例,良3例,一般2例,优良率84.6%。1例术后出现足内侧皮肤感觉麻木,经营养神经对症治疗后无缓解。无内固定失效和伤口愈合不良等其他并发症。结论采用踝上截骨术治疗踝关节骨折畸形愈合,可获得满意效果。     

The role and efficacy of retrograding nailing for the treatment of diaphyseal and distal femoral fractures: a systematic review of the literature

The aim of this analysis has been to evaluate the efficacy of retrograde nailing in the treatment of distal femur and femoral shaft fractures. Articles were extracted from the Pubmed database and the retrieved reports were included in the study only if pre-specified eligibility criteria were fulfilled. Moreover, a constructed questionnaire was administered, aimed at assessing the quality of the outcomes. Twenty-four articles were eligible for the final analysis, reviewing a total of 914 patients (mean age of 48.8 years) who sustained 963 distal and diaphyseal femoral fractures. The overall mortality rate was 5.3%. The incidence of infection was 1.1% and for septic arthritis of the knee was 0.18%. In patients with distal femoral fractures, the mean time to union and rate to union were 3.4 months and 96.9%, respectively. The mean range of knee motion was 104.6 degrees . The rates of knee pain, malunion and re-operations were 16.5, 5.2 and 17%, respectively. Patients with femoral shaft fractures had a mean time to union 3.2 months, whilst the rate of union was 94.2%. The mean range of knee motion was 127.6 degrees . The rates of knee pain, malunion and re-operations were 24.5, 7.4 and 17.7%, respectively. We concluded that retrograde intramedullary nailing appears to be a reliable treatment option, mainly for distal femoral fractures. However, in the management of diaphyseal fractures, retrograde intramedullary nailing is associated with high rates of knee pain and lower rates of fracture union.     

3D printing-assisted osteotomy treatment for the malunion of lateral tibial plateau fracture

IntroductionOsteotomy and internal fixation are usually the most effective way to treat the malunion of lateral tibial plateau fractures, and the accuracy of the osteotomy is still a challenge for surgeons. This is a report of a series of prospectively study of osteotomy treatment for the malunion of lateral plateau fractures with the aid of 3D printing technology.MethodsA total of 7 patients with malunion of lateral tibial plateau fractures were enrolled in the study between September 2012 to September 2014 and completed follow up. CT image data were used for 3D reconstruction, and individually 3D printed models were used for accurate measurements and detail osteotomy procedures planning. Under the premeditated operation plan, the osteotomy operations were performed. Patients were invited for follow-up examinations at 2 and 6 weeks and then at intervals of 6 to 8 weeks until 12 months or more.ResultsMean age of the patients was 44 years (range 30–52 years), 3 cases were result of fall injuries, 2 were traffic accidents and 2 were sports injuries. Among the cases, one accompanied with craniocerebra trauma, one with pelvic fracture, one accompanied with both. According to the Schatzker Tibial Plateau classification, the original fracture type were 3 type I, 1 type II and 3 type III. The lateral tibial plateau collapse ranges from 4 mm–12 mm, with an average of 9.4 mm. All the operations were successfully completed, the average operation time was 77.1 min (range 70–90 min), the average intraoperative blood loss was 121.4 ml (range 90–180 ml), the mean follow-up time was 14.4 months (range 12–18 months), and the average healing time of the osteotomy fragments was 12 weeks (range 11–13 weeks). The difference between preoperative and postoperative Rasmussen scores were statistically significant (P < 0.05). All the patients were obtained functional recovery, with no complications.Conclusion3D printing technology is helpful to accurately design osteotomy operation, reduce the risk of postoperative deformity, decrease intraoperative blood loss, shorten the operation time, and can effectively improve the treatment effect.