Invasive carcinomas of the male breast: a morphologic study of the distribution of histologic subtypes and metastatic patterns in 778 cases

The current investigation was conducted to evaluate the proportional distribution of the various histologic subtypes (including newly recognized variants) of male breast carcinomas, to determine whether any histologic subtypes occur with a frequency that is markedly discordant with the expected frequencies from published data on parallel female breast tumors. We also aimed to document the distribution of malignancies metastatic to the breast. Seven hundred fifty-nine archived cases of primary invasive carcinoma involving the male breast were retrieved and subcategorized into histologic subtypes according to contemporary criteria. Six hundred forty-three (84.7%) tumors were pure infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) not otherwise specified. The most common of the remainder included papillary carcinoma with invasion in the form of IDC (n = 34), mixed IDC and mucinous carcinoma (n = 26), and pure mucinous carcinoma (n = 21). In 19 cases, metastases from other sites involved the breast, most commonly (58%) cutaneous melanoma. Invasive carcinoma of the male breast appears to display a morphologic spectrum and distribution of histologic subtypes that is comparable to those of the female breast, with some expected variation. Compared with published experience on their female counterparts, there is a two-fold increase in the frequency of invasive papillary carcinoma in the male breast. Finally, the most common tumor metastatic to the male breast in this series was cutaneous melanoma. The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be considered official or as necessarily reflecting the opinion of the United States Government or any of its subsidiaries.     

Early sexual experience and stressful conditions affect the response of young ewes to the male

Exposure of anoestrous ewes to rams induces oestrous cycles (the ‘ram effect’). This response is poor in young-sexually naive females, possibly because they lack sexual experience and are sensitive to stress. Firstly, we assessed the conditions required for the acquisition of sexual experience. We exposed naive females at 5 or 9 months of age to rams and subsequently assessed their response at 1 year of age, to the ram effect. Unexpectedly, 2 weeks pre-exposure at 5 months and under some conditions at 9 months, inhibited the ram effect at 1 year of age, suggesting that early contact with rams was stressful and had long-term negative effects on reproduction. Consequently, we assessed the combined effect of stress and sexual experience on responses to the ram effect. At 9 months of age, we pre-exposed naive females using sexually active rams to achieve ‘positive’ (voluntary contact) or ‘negative’ (forced contact) experiences, and assessed responses to the ram effect at a year of age. In parallel, we subjected naive females to stressful conditions at the time of the male effect. During pre-exposure, females with ‘negative’ contact exhibited more vigilance and stress cues and had higher levels of cortisol than ‘positive’ contact ewes. Regardless of pre-exposure or stress, the response to the ram effect at a year of age was inhibited. These experiments confirm that contact with sexual partners can be stressful to young ewes and highlight the need to consider their emotional state when conditioning them to the presence of rams and when managing breeding programs.     

Reproductive toxicity of methomyl insecticide in male rats and protective effect of folic acid

The acute toxicity (LD₅₀) of insecticide methomyl and its effects on male reproduction in rats were carried out. Methomyl was given orally to male rats daily for 65 successive days at two doses (0.5 and 1.0 mg kg⁻¹ b.wt., corresponding to 1/40 and 1/20 LD₅₀) alone and in combination with folic acid (1.1 mg kg⁻¹ b.wt., corresponding to acceptable daily intake, ADI). Fertility index, weight of sexual organs, semen picture, serum testosterone level and histopathology of testes were the parameters used to evaluate the reproductive efficiency of treated rats. The reversibility of methomyl effects was also studied after 65 days post-administration. The oral LD₅₀ of methomyl was 20.0 mg kg⁻¹ b.wt. in male rats. Methomyl significantly decreased the fertility index, weight of testes and accessory male sexual glands, serum testosterone level and sperm motility and count, but increased sperm cell abnormality. It induced testicular lesions characterized by moderate to severe degenerative changes of seminiferous tubules and incomplete arrest of spermatogenesis. These toxic effects were not persistent (reversible). Coadministration of folic acid with methomyl decreased its reproductive toxicity. A great attention should be taken during field application of methomyl to avoid its deleterious effects in farm animals and occupationally exposed humans.     

精液白细胞与男性不育的关系的探讨

目的探讨精液白细胞与男性不育的关系。方法检测64例不育者精液白细胞,观察其与精液常规分析参数,AsAb和精浆果糖含量、a-糖苷酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性的关系。结果64例不育者精液白细胞〉5个／HP为29．69％。白细胞〉5个／HP组精液量、精子密度、精子存活率、a,b级活力精子率均明显低于精液白细胞≤5个／HP组（P〈0．05）。精液白细胞〉5个／HP组畸形精子率、精液黏度增高率和精液UU阳性率明显高于白细胞≤5个／HP组（P〈0．05）。两组比较果糖含量和a-糖苷酶活性均没有明显差异,两组酸性磷酸酶活性有差异（P〈0．05）。结论精液白细胞对男性不育有影响。     

七子填精口服液治疗男性不育症临床有效性与安全性观察

目的：观察七子填精口服液治疗男性不育症的临床疗效。方法：将50例患者随机分为2纽,治疗纽30例口服七子填精口服液治疗;对照组20例口服五子衍宗口服液治疗,疗程均为3月。结果：治疗后2组的精子密度、精子总数、前向运动精子比例、前向运动精子总数、正常形态精子比例、中医证候积分与治疗前比较,均有显著性改善（P〈0．05）。临床疗效总有效率治疗组为93．33％,对照组为63．16％;中医证候疗效总有效率治疗组为96．67％,对照组为68．42％,2组比较,差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论：七子填精口服液治疗男性不育症安全有效。     

电针对雌雄两性实验性肥胖大鼠脂代谢的影响

目的:探讨电针刺激对雌雄两性肥胖大鼠脂代谢影响的差异及其作用机制。方法:SD大鼠随机分为模型雌组、模型雄组、电针雌组、电针雄组,并设正常雌组和正常雄组进行对照。采用谷氨酸钠和高脂饮食诱导的下丘脑性肥胖模型。电针雌组、雄组电针大鼠"后三里"三阴交"丰隆"等穴。计算各组治疗前后Lee’s指数,生化法检测各组血浆甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)含量。结果:电针雌、雄两组的Lee’s指数及血浆TG、TC、LDL-C含量均较模型雌、雄两组明显降低(P<0.01,P<0.05),而血浆HDL-C含量均有明显升高(P<0.05)。电针雄组Lee’s指数较电针雌组明显降低(P<0.05);电针雌组血浆TG、TC含量较电针雄组明显降低(P<0.05);电针雌组血浆HDL-C、LDL-C的含量与电针雄组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:电针刺激对雌雄两性肥胖性大鼠均有不同程度的减肥作用,但在降低Lee’s指数和调节脂代谢方面存在着一定的差异,电针可更明显地降低雄性大鼠的Lee’s指数及雌性大鼠的血浆TG、TC含量,但对雌雄两性血浆HDL-C、LDL-C含量的影响无明显差异。     

男性不育症与慢性牙周炎的相关性研究

目的：探讨男性不育症与慢性牙周炎的相关关系。方法：选择180例符合男性不育症诊断的患者（不育症组）和180例正常生育男性（对照组）作为研究对象,均对其进行口腔检查,并对不育症组进行精液质量分析。结果：不育症组的慢性牙周炎患病率为48.3%,而对照组为31.7%,经统计学检验,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,单因素分析,慢性牙周炎与男性不育症密切相关（OR=2.019,95%CI：1.314～3.100）。且随着慢性牙周炎程度的加重,患男性不育症的危险性（OR）递增,该剂量反应关系有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。而精子密度、活率呈下降趋势,精子畸形率呈升高趋势,组间比较,P〈0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论：慢性牙周炎可能是导致男性不育症的独立危险因素,慢性牙周炎程度加重,精子质量越差,患有男性不育症的风险越大。     

不同顶体功能精子优选后受精结局的研究

目的比较顶体酶活性正常及异常的精子通过密度-梯度优选后,用于体外受精（IVF）的受精率及优质胚胎率的差异,了解顶体酶检查在IVF中的意义。方法对94例不育男性精液标本进行顶体酶活性检测后,分为顶体酶正常组和异常组。密度梯度优选后分别用于IVF授精,比较两组受精率及优质胚胎率。结果两组精子授精后,受精率及优质胚胎率差异无明显统计学意义（P〉0．1）。结论精子顶体酶活性检查指导临床意义不明确,顶体酶活性异常的精子,经密度-梯度法优选后可获与项体酶活性正常精子一致的治疗效果。     

不同中医证型男性老年人高血压病患者性激素水平比较研究

目的:探讨男性老年人高血压病患者不同中医证型与血清性激素水平的关联性,从而为研究男性老年人肾气亏虚证、肝火上炎证的病理生理基础提供依据。方法:根据中医辨证标准、高血压诊断与分级标准筛选男性老年人高血压病肾气亏虚证、肝火上炎证患者各30例和健康老年男性30例,应用化学发光法检测其血清中雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)的水平并计算T/E2的比值。结果:血清E2升高、T下降及LH降低提示男性老年人高血压病肝火上炎证的发生;而血清E2降低、FSH升高则提示男性老年人高血压病肾气亏虚证的发生。结论:性激素指标中可以区分男性老年人高血压病肾气亏虚证、肝火上炎证的特征性性激素指标为E2和LH;提示性激素水平紊乱及其比例失衡与男性老年人高血压病肾气亏虚证的发病有关。     

57例少弱精症患者脉象特点分析

目的 通过分析少精症、弱精症患者的脉象特点,探讨现阶段男性不育症的中医病机.方法 回顾分析男科门诊少精症、弱精症患者的脉象特点,探讨其规律及与少精症、弱精症的联系.结果 少精症、弱精症患者异常脉象多出现在双尺脉、双关脉,尤其以左关脉、右尺脉为主;脉象多细、弦、滑、涩、缓,弱精症与少精症患者脉象稍有差别.结论 少精症、弱精症患者病位在肝肾,病机为肾虚血瘀、湿热.