全胸腔镜下肺叶切除技术要点分析

目的探讨全胸腔镜下肺叶切除的技术难点及对策。方法2006年9月～2008年5月,施行全胸腔镜下肺叶切除91例。通过胸部3个微小切口非直视下完成肺叶解剖性切除及淋巴结清扫,方法与常规开胸手术相同。施行右肺上叶切除21例,右肺中叶切除12例,右肺下叶切除20例,左肺上叶切除18例,左肺下叶切除20例。结果中转开胸2例。全胸腔镜下完成的89例手术时间（185.8±52.9）min（60～300min）;术中出血量50～650ml,平均213.2ml;胸腔引流时间（6.9±2.9）d;术后住院（9.4±3.2）d。乳糜胸1例,无严重并发症及围术期死亡。随访原发肺癌中2例分别于术后15、3个月发生远处转移,其余患者无复发、转移。结论全胸腔镜下肺叶切除手术是一种安全有效的手术方式,但是需要把握适应证并熟练掌握处理血管和清扫淋巴结等关键技术。     

Surgical multimodality treatment for baseline resectable stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer. Degree of mediastinal lymph node involvement and impact on survival

Objective: Analysis of single centre results and identification of prognostic factors of surgical combined modality treatment in pathological proven stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Out of a total of 996 resections for NSCLC between 2000 and 2006, 92 patients with radiological response or stable disease after induction chemotherapy for pathologically proven ipsilateral positive lymph nodes (N2-disease) underwent surgical exploration with the aim of complete resection. Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinomas were equally present (48% vs 43%). Median follow-up of surviving patients (n = 36) was 51 (10–94) months. Results: Complete resection (i.e., tumour with free margins and negative highest mediastinal lymph nodes, R0) was achieved in 68% (n = 63), resection was uncertain or incomplete in 24% (n = 22), while surgery was explorative in 8% (n = 7). Pneumonectomy was performed in 24%, (bi)lobectomy in 62%, and sleeve lobectomy in 13% of patients. In-hospital mortality was 2.3%. Overall need for ICU stay was 18% (30% after pneumonectomy). Median hospital stay was 10 days (6–157). Downstaging of mediastinal lymph nodes (ypN0-1) was found in 43% (n = 40). Overall survival at 5 years (5YS) was 33% (n = 92), and after complete resection 43% (n = 63). Detection of multilevel compared to single level positive nodes at initial mediastinoscopy was related to lower 5YS (17% vs 39%; p < 0.005), and this was identified as an independent prognostic factor in a multivariate analysis of the examined presurgical variables. We found a trend for a better 5YS in patients with mediastinal nodal downstaging compared to patients with persistent N2 disease (49% vs 27%; p = 0.095). In the subgroup with persistent N2 disease, single level disease has a significantly better survival (37% vs 7% 5YS, p < 0.005). Multivariate survival analysis of the examined surgical variables identified completeness of resection and classification of ypN category (ypN0-1 and ypN2-single level vs multilevel-ypN2 and ypN3) as independent prognostic factors. Conclusions: Surgery after induction chemotherapy for stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC can be performed with an acceptable mortality and morbidity. Baseline single level N2 disease is an independent prognostic factor for long-term survival. Patients with mediastinal downstaging, but also a subgroup of patients with single level persistent N2 disease, after induction therapy have a rewarding survival.     

Congenital bilobar emphysema

Congenital bilobar emphysema is reported to be extremely rare. We describe 3 cases, and we review the diagnosis problems and treatment methods of this childhood respiratory tract pathologic condition.     

Tailored anteromedial lobectomy in the treatment of refractory epilepsy of the temporal lobe: long term surgical outcome and predictive factors

OBJECTIVE: To analyze long-term results and to determine prognostic factors on seizure outcome in a series of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent anteromedial temporal lobectomy (AMTL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1995 to 1998 forty-two patients suffering from non-lesional TLE underwent tailored AMTL at our Institution. We retrospectively reviewed surgical results and calculated predictive factors of good outcome in the long term. RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of patients were rendered seizure free (median follow up 60 months). Eleven cases (26.2%) had a significant reduction of disabling epileptic episodes. Poor seizure control was observed in four patients (9.5%). Overall surgical morbidity was 4.7%. Medial temporal sclerosis (MTS) was the most common histopathological finding (69% of cases). The presence of unilateral hippocampal abnormalities on qualitative MRI was significantly associated with excellent postoperative outcome (p<0.011). Qualitative preoperative MRI had a positive predictive value of 83% in detecting both MTS at pathological examination and excellent outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Tailored AMTL is a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of selected patients with medically refractory TLE. Data from preoperative qualitative MRI well correlated with histopathological findings. The presence of unilateral hippocampal atrophy on qualitative MRI was predictive of excellent outcome in the long-term follow up.     

Measured versus predicted postoperative pulmonary function at repeated times up to 1 year after lobectomy

 Open in a separate windowOBJECTIVESPostoperative pulmonary function is difficult to predict accurately, because it changes from the time of the operation and is also affected by various factors. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) at different postoperative times after lobectomy.METHODSThis retrospective study enrolled 104 patients who underwent lobectomy by video-assisted thoracic surgery. Pulmonary function tests were performed preoperatively and postoperatively at 3, 6 and 12 months. We investigated time-dependent changes in FEV1. In addition, the ratio of measured to predicted postoperative FEV1 calculated by the subsegmental method was evaluated to identify the factors associated with variations in postoperative FEV1.RESULTSCompared with the predicted postoperative FEV1, the measured postoperative FEV1 was 8% higher at 3 months, 11% higher at 6 months and 13% higher at 12 months. The measured postoperative FEV1 significantly increased from 3 to 6 months (P = 0.002) and from 6 to 12 months (P = 0.015) after lobectomy resected lobe, smoking history and body mass index were significant factors associated with the ratio of measured to predicted postoperative FEV1 at 12 months (P < 0.001, P = 0.036 and P = 0.025, respectively).CONCLUSIONSPostoperative FEV1 increased up to 12 months after lobectomy by video-assisted thoracic surgery. The predicted postoperative pulmonary function was underestimated after 3 months, particularly after lower lobectomy.     

Clinical implication of tumour spread through air spaces in pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma treated with lobectomy

Open in a separate window OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical implication of tumour spread through air spaces (STAS) as a prognostic factor in pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma treated with lobectomy and to identify related parameters.METHODSMedical records of patients who underwent pulmonary lobectomy for stage I (American Joint Committee on Cancers eighth edition) lung adenocarcinomas between 2012 and February 2018 at our institutions were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with minimally invasive adenocarcinomas and tumours ≥3 cm in size were excluded. Included patients were classified into STAS (+) and STAS (−) groups. Clinical implications of STAS and recurrence in patients were investigated.RESULTSA total of 109 patients was analysed: 41 (37.6%) in the STAS (+) and 68 (62.4%) in the STAS (−) group. STAS was associated with larger consolidation diameter on chest tomography (≥1.5 cm; P = 0.006) or a higher invasive ratio (≥85%; P = 0.012) and presence of a micropapillary pattern in multivariable analysis (P = 0.003) The recurrence-free survival curve showed statistical difference (P = 0.008) with 3-year survival rates of 73.0% (9 patients) and 96.8% (2 patients) in the STAS (+) and STAS (−) group, respectively. However, no statistical significance was observed in the lung cancer-related survival curve (P = 0.648). The presence of STAS was an independent risk factor for recurrence in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio = 5.9, P = 0.031).CONCLUSIONSThe presence of STAS could be an important risk factor for recurrence in patients with early-stage invasive lung adenocarcinoma treated with pulmonary lobectomy.     

Lung cancer coincidentally found in the bulla

Several cases of lung cancer lying within giant bullae have been reported in recent years, such that some authors have considered an association between the two diseases. Giant bulla was detected on the chest X ray and thoracic computed tomography in a 50 year old man. Left lower lobectomy was performed for emphysematous lung destruction. The postoperative histopathological diagnosis was adeno carcinoma arising from the wall of giant bulla. It must be noted that occult cancer may exist at the wall of giant bullae, so annual radiological followup should be applied. On the basis of this experience and review of the literature, it is suggested that physicians should always pay careful attention to the generation and complication of cancer while treating bullous disease in heavy smoking individuals.     

内镜用直线切割缝合器在全胸腔镜肺叶切除术中的应用

目的 探讨在全胸腔镜肺叶切除术中内镜用直线切割缝合器的应用方法和技巧,以提高手术疗效和安全性.方法 2006年9月至2008年1月连续完成全胸腔镜肺叶切除术60例,其中男30例,女30例;平均年龄59.8岁.肺良性病变8例,原发性肺癌及其他肺恶性肿瘤52例.手术在全身麻醉双腔气管内插管、全胸腔镜下完成,其中行右肺上叶切除术12例,中叶切除术10例,下叶切除术14例;左肺上叶切除术8例,下叶切除术16例.术中肺血管、支气管以及叶间裂的处理均使用内镜用直线切割缝合器.结果 所有患者手术均顺利完成,因淋巴结致密粘连中转开胸1例(1.67%),无术中大出血、术后活动性出血、持续漏气、支气管胸膜瘘和严重金属异物反应等严重并发症发生,无手术死亡.全组共完成内镜用直线切割缝合器钉合切割操作381次,平均6.35次/例,其中肺动脉钉合124次(2.06次/例),肺静脉钉合66次(1.10次/例),支气管钉合60次,叶间裂钉合131次.所有患者均获得随访,随访时间2～18个月,平均随访11.3个月, 无1例患者发生迟发性出血、支气管胸膜瘘、胸腔感染和肺部感染等并发症.结论 内镜用直线切割缝合器的使用是全胸腔镜肺叶切除术中的主要难点之一,遵循一定原则的精细操作是保证手术安全的关键.     

术后硬膜外镇痛对肺癌根治术患者血浆炎性细胞因子和自然杀伤细胞的影响

目的评价术后硬膜外镇痛对肺癌根治术患者血浆炎性细胞因子和自然杀伤(NK)细胞的影响。方法择期行肺癌根治术患者30例,术后按镇痛方法不同均分为硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)组(E组)和静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)组(I组)。E组硬膜外输注含0.125%布比卡因、芬太尼2.4μg/ml和咪唑安定0.05mg/ml的混合液;I组静脉输注含芬太尼20μg/ml、咪唑安定0.1mg/ml和托烷司琼0.04mg/ml混合液。分别于麻醉前(T1)、术后2h(T2)、术后1d(T3)、3d(T4)、5d(T5)、7d(T6)抽取外周静脉血,检测干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-10和NK细胞及血常规。采用VAS评估镇痛效果,用Ramsay方法评估镇静程度。结果两组VAS评分、恶心呕吐及术后感染的发生率差异无统计学意义;与I组相比,E组Ramsay镇静评分、TNF-α和IL-5降低(P<0.05),IL-2、IFN-γ和NK细胞活性升高(P<0.05)。结论与PCIA相比,PCEA能抑制促炎性细胞因子的释放,改善NK细胞的活性。