重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2诱发黄韧带骨化的实验模型

目的 :建立脊柱黄韧带骨化的实验模型。方法 :以中国大白兔为实验对象 ,采用重组人骨形态发生蛋白 2(rhBMP 2 )作为诱导物 ,分别将rhBMP 2 /明胶海绵植入双侧黄韧带腹侧的硬膜外腔 (E1组 ) ,或直接将rhBMP 2注射到双侧的黄韧带内 (E2组 ) ,每一侧植入物中含rhBMP 2 10 0 μg。设立相应的对照组 (C1组、C2组 )。对手术节段进行X线、CT扫描及病理组织学检查。结果 :脊柱CT扫描发现E1组 4周时手术节段后正中椎板前方出现结节状高密度增高影 ,8周时密度进一步增高。病理组织学检查发现E1组手术节段韧带细胞分化为软骨细胞并发生骨化。E2组仅见黄韧带轻度增生肥厚及少量散在的软骨细胞。C1组和C2组黄韧带组织均未见明显异常改变。结论 :rhBMP 2可诱导脊柱黄韧带骨化 ;明胶海绵可作为BMP诱导成骨的载体。     

伴或不伴黄韧带骨化的胸椎和胸腰段椎间盘突出症的术式选择

目的 探讨伴或不伴黄韧带骨化的胸椎和胸腰段椎间盘突出症的术式选择.方法 2004年6月至2009年12月,手术治疗伴或不伴黄韧带骨化的胸椎和胸腰段椎间盘突出症患者31例,男22例,女9例;年龄24～71岁,平均54岁;病变节段T4～L2.根据Anand和Regan临床分类:2度1例,3a度2例,3b度3例,4度6例,5度19例;Frankel分级:B级2例,C级6例,D级11例,E级12例.18例不伴黄韧带骨化者行前路手术,采用椎体后缘切除、椎体后侧开槽或椎体次全切除减压并植骨内固定.13例伴有明显黄韧带骨化者行后路半关节突和全椎板切除减压术,未切除前侧突出的椎间盘.结果 前路术后发生硬膜囊撕裂1例,神经根袖损伤1例,肋间神经痛3例,肺不张1例,取髂骨区麻木2例.后路术后发生椎管内血肿1例,脑脊液漏2例,切口感染1例,肺部感染1例.随访6～48个月,平均18个月.末次随访时Frankel分级:C级3例,D级7例,E级21例;Anand和Regan分类:1度2例,2度1例,3a度1例,4度2例,5度10例,15例无明显症状.X线片示内固定均无失败,植骨融合良好.结论 胸椎和胸腰段椎间盘突出以脊髓前侧压迫为主者可选择前路椎体后侧开槽或椎体次全切除减压植骨融合术,伴黄韧带骨化导致脊髓前后侧压迫者可行后路半关节突和全椎板切除减压术.     

内窥镜下保留大部分黄韧带治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的：探讨内窥镜下保留大部分黄韧带治疗腰椎间盘突出症的手术技巧和近期临床效果。方法：52例腰椎间盘突出症患者,男31例,女21例;年龄28～45岁,平均36岁;其中L4,524例,L5S128例。在内窥镜操作下,咬除上位椎板下缘1/4～1/3骨组织,纵向扩大骨窗,角度小刮匙在下位椎板上缘外侧分离出浅层黄韧带,用咬骨钳沿椎板上缘横行咬除浅层黄韧带成一小凹槽,用髓核钳在凹槽处钳夹黄韧带浅层向近端牵拉剥离并切除,保留深层黄韧带,然后用椎板咬骨钳在黄韧带外侧咬除小关节内侧1/4～1/3,扩大侧隐窝,游离黄韧带外缘,椎板咬骨钳咬除黄韧带外侧1/3入椎管,保留内侧2/3,神经根钩仔细分离突出椎间盘周围的组织,尽可能保留神经根周围及硬膜外脂肪,将硬脊膜及神经根牵向内侧,摘除突出的髓核。结果：52例中46例获得随访,随访时间5～51个月,平均34.5个月。疗效评定按Nakai标准,优34例,良9例,可3例。手术时间45～75min,出血40～80ml,均无神经根损伤和硬脊膜撕裂等并发症。结论：内窥镜下保留大部分黄韧带,技术上操作可行且尽可能的保留了人体的自然解剖结构,最大限度地维持了脊柱的稳定性,临床效果好。     

腰椎黄韧带肥厚的生化与力学机制研究进展

腰椎管狭窄症是临床常见的老年性疾病,可引起下腰痛和下肢疼痛、麻木等症状,病理改变主要包括椎板增厚、小关节突增生内聚、椎间盘膨出／突出、黄韧带肥厚等。其中黄韧带肥厚是引起椎管狭窄的主要原因之一。一般认为,继发于年龄和力学不稳的退变性改变引起的反复的机械牵拉微损伤一瘢痕修复是导致腰椎黄韧带肥厚的原因。最近Kaneyama et al报道认为,反复的机械张力引起了胸椎黄韧带的肥厚与骨化。然而相同的年龄、相同的力学环境并非每个人都发生椎管狭窄或黄韧带肥厚。究竟是什么因素在起主要作用呢？近年来,一些细胞因子的作用越来越受到重视,认为生化因素与力学因素一样在黄韧带肥厚过程中起到了同样非常重要的作用。笔者对腰椎黄韧带肥厚机制的研究进展作一综述。     

Classification and management of the tandem ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and flaval ligament

Objective To provide appropriate guidelines for treatment of tandem ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament （OPLL） and flaval ligament （OFL）. Data sources Published articles about OPLL and OFL were selected using Medline and Embase electronic databases. Study selection An English literature search from January 1980 to December 2006 was conducted. Because many reported cases were incorporated in OFL studies, the key words for search were OFL or OFL and OPLL. The first step revealed 93 studies of which 13 reports of tandem OPLL and OFL （tandem ossification） were selected. Results All studies were case series or case report and advocated that the primary therapy for tandem ossification should be operative. The clinical outcomes of surgery were evaluated in most reports, predominantly using the JOA scores. Gender is the only factor which has prognostic value. A higher proportion of women was found in the failure group A two- stage classification of tandem ossification was developed to relate diagnosis to outcome. Conclusions All patients with suspected ossification of the spinal ligaments should undergo routine MRI screening of the whole spine. The correlation of the classification with surgical treatments needs further studies to validate its usefulness. Chin Med J 2009; 122（2）：219-224     

人黄韧带糖胺多糖含量和成分的测定及其临床意义

作者对３２例国人黄韧带糖胺多糖（ＧＡＧ）含量进行了测定，确定了正常值范围，对研究病变黄韧带蛋白多糖代谢提供了正常参考。对三个年龄组黄韧带ＧＡＧ进行醋酸纤维素膜电泳和光密度扫描发现，黄韧带ＧＡＧ组成成分中硫酸软骨素所占比例随年龄增长而增高，文中对其临床意义进行了讨论。     

Morphological changes of the ligamentum flavum as a cause of nerve root compression

The ligamentum flavum is considered to be one of the important causes of radiculopathy in lumbar degenerative disease. Although there have been several reports anatomically examining the positional relationship between the ligamentum flavum and nerve root, there are few reports on ventral observation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the shape of the ligamentum flavum seen ventrally, and to obtain anatomic findings related to nerve root compression. The subjects were 18 adult embalmed cadavers, with an average age of 78 years at the time of death. The ventral shapes of the ligamentum flavum were observed. The relationships between the morphological change of the ligamentum flavum and nerve root compression or radiographic findings were statistically evaluated. Among the shapes of the ligamentum flavum, bulging of the ligament was most frequently observed. Proximal bulging indicates the type with the cranial portion bulging from the subarticular zone to the foraminal zone of the ligamentum flavum. In this type associated with a decrease in disc height, nerve root compression was frequently observed. Thus, we could more realistically grasp the relationship between bulging morphology of the ligamentum flavum and nerve root compression.     

Thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum caused by skeletal fluorosis

Thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF) caused by skeletal fluorosis is rare. Only six patients had been reported in the English literature. This study reports findings from the first clinical series of this disease. This was a retrospective study of patients with thoracic OLF due to skeletal fluorosis who underwent surgical management at the authors' hospital between 1993 and 2003. Diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis was made based on the epidemic history, clinical symptoms, radiographic findings, and urinalysis. En bloc laminectomy decompression of the involved thoracic levels was performed in all cases. Cervical open door decompression or lumbar laminectomy decompression was performed if relevant stenosis was present. Neurological status was evaluated preoperatively, at the third day postoperatively, and at the end point of follow-up using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring system of motor function of the lower extremities. A total of 23 cases were enrolled, 16 (69.6%) males and 7 (30.4%) females, age ranging from 42 to 72 years (mean 54.8 years). All patients came from a high-fluoride area, and 22 (95.7%) had dental fluorosis. Medical imaging showed OLF together with ossification of many ligaments and interosseous membranes, including interosseous membranes of the forearm (18/23 patients 78.3%), leg (14/23 patients 60.9%), and ribs (11/23 patients 47.8%). OLF was classified into five types based on MRI findings: localized (4/23 patients 17.4%), continued (12/23 patients 52.2%), skip (3/23 patients 13.0%), combining with anterior pressure (2/23 patients 8.7%), and combining with cervical and/or lumbar stenosis (2/23 patients, 8.7%). Urinalysis showed a markedly high urinary fluoride level in 14 of 23 patients (60.9%). Patients were followed up for an average duration of 4 years, 5 months. Paired t-test showed that the JOA score was slightly but nonsignificantly increased relative to preoperative measurement 3 days after surgery (P = 0.0829) and significantly increased at the end of follow-up (P = 0.0001). In conclusion, Fluorosis can cause ossification of thoracic ligamentum flavum, as well as other ligaments. Comparing with other OLF series, a larger number of spinal segments were involved. The diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis was made by the epidemic history, clinical symptom, imaging study findings, and urinalysis. En bloc laminectomy decompression was an effective method.