三七总皂苷预处理对急性期缺血再灌注肾脏的保护作用

目的 探索三七总皂苷预处理对急性期肾缺血再灌注损伤的作用.方法 取75只SD雄性大鼠,随机分为3组,每组25只,分为:假手术组(C组)、缺血再灌注损伤组(RIRI组)、三七总皂苷组(PNS组).实验干预:(1)C组:实验前尾静脉注射与PNS组等量生理盐水,1次/d,共3d,麻醉后右肾切除,左肾暴露30 min后关腹;(2)RIRI组:切除右侧肾脏,左侧肾动脉夹闭30 min后恢复血流;(3)PNS组:实验前尾静脉注射PNS(150 mg/kg),其余同RIRI组.在缺血再灌注前1h及再灌注后1,6,12,24 h等5个时间点分别取5只大鼠,取血清测肌酐、尿素氮,肾组织匀浆检测肾组织超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,光镜下观察肾组织的病理变化,并分别进行比较.结果 与C组比较,RIRI组的肌酐、尿素氮、MDA水平在再灌注24 h内随着时间的延长逐渐升高,SOD活性则明显降低.PNS组的肌酐、尿素氮、MDA水平在再灌注6h后各组与RIRI组比较降低,SOD活性明显增强.结论 PNS对肾缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其保护作用机制与增强SOD活性、清除自由基等有关.     

妊娠期妇女肾血流动力学特征

目的 研究妊娠期肾血流动力学的改变.方法 随机对160例正常妊娠妇女以彩色多普勒超声监测孕10～14周(孕早期)、20～24周(孕中期)、30～34周(孕晚期)肾动脉血流的峰值流速/舒张末期流速比(S/D)、搏动指数(PI)和阻力指数(RI),同时测定血浆内皮素,所得结果 与50例年龄相仿非妊娠妇女测定值比较.结果 正常妊娠组孕晚期血内皮素水平明显高于孕早期、孕中期和非妊娠组(P＜0.05).正常妊娠组孕中期肾主动脉血流的S/D和RI以及肾段动脉的S/D、PI和RI均显著高于非妊娠组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).与孕早期比较,孕中期肾主动脉血流的PI和肾段动脉血流的S/D、PI和RI均明显升高(P＜0.05).孕晚期肾段动脉的血流动力学参数均高于孕中期(P＜0.05).结论 随着妊娠进展,孕中期血流动力学发生显著改变,反映了妊娠期肾血循环的变化,以此可以早期发现妊娠期病理改变,以便早期采取措施预防妊娠并发症的发生.     

氨基酸负荷对梗阻肾的肾功能和肾储备功能的影响

为寻求预测梗阻肾肾功能的新方法，用氨基酸负荷（ＡＬ）对２５例双肾积水患者进行肾储备功能测定，并对负荷前后肾小球滤过率（ＧＦＲ）、有效肾血浆流量（ＥＲＰＦ）、肌酐清除率（Ｃｃｒ）、滤过分数（ＦＦ）、ＧＦＲ百分比上升率（％ＧＦＲ）进行比较性研究，以求预测肾功能恢复的客观指标。结果表明：ＡＬ能提高ＧＦＲ、ＥＲＰＦ值，通过Ｃｃｒ对比研究，进一步表明ＧＦＲ增值能反映肾储备功能的变化，增值越高恢复越快，反之亦然。结果认为：肾储备功能的测定可预测肾功能恢复情况，并对肾积水疾病的手术方式选择有一定的指导作用     

异搏定对失血性休克犬肾脏的保护作用及其机制的研究

复制犬失血性休克模型。动物随机分为两组：失血对照组（ｎ＝５），失血＋异搏定组（ｎ＝６）。结果发现，异搏定治疗后肾脏组织内黄嘌呤氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量均较失血对照组明显降低，而锰－超氧化物歧化酶活性却显著高于失血对照组，肾脏组织电镜观察显示其超微结构损伤也较失血对照组轻。提示钙拮抗剂异搏定治疗失血性休克可以减轻肾脏损伤，其机理与改善内脏灌流，减少氧自由基生成有关。     

Phenolic acid protects of renal damage induced by ochratoxin A in a 28-days-oral treatment in rats

The present study aimed to characterize the chlorogenic acid (ChlA) capacity to reverse the toxic effects induced by ochratoxin A (OTA) in a subacute toxicity test in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed orally by gavage for 28 days with OTA (0.4 mg/kg bw/day), ChlA (5 mg/kg bw/day) or the combination OTA (0.4 mg/kg bw/day) + ChlA (5 mg/kg bw/day). No deaths, no decrease in feed intake or body weight in any experimental group were recorded. The negative control group and the animals treated with ChlA alone showed no changes in any parameters evaluated. In OTA-treated group significant changes such as decrease in urine volume, proteinuria, occult blood, increase in serum creatinine values; decrease in absolute and relative kidney weight and characteristics histopathological lesions that indicated kidney damage were observed. However, limited effect on oxidative stress parameters were detected in kidneys of OTA-treated group. Animals treated with the combination OTA + ChlA were showed as negative control group in the evaluation of several parameters of toxicity. In conclusion, ChlA, at given concentration, improved biochemical parameters altered in urine and serum and pathological damages in kidneys induced by OTA exposure, showing a good protective activity, but not by an apparent antioxidant mechanism.     

Effect of pulsatile left ventricular assist system implantation on Doppler measurements of renal hemodynamics in patients with advanced heart failure

The effects of left ventricular assist system (LVAS) implantation on renal hemodynamics remains to be fully elucidated. We evaluated renal function and intrarenal blood flow in five advanced heart failure patients who had been supported with a Toyobo LVAS for bridge to heart transplantation. Renal function expressed as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the modified formula of Modification of Diet in Renal Disease. Mean blood velocities in the bilateral segmental arteries during systolic and diastolic perfusion were measured using duplex Doppler sonography, and renal vascular resistance (resistive index [RI]) of the segmental arteries was defined as (peak systolic velocity [PSV]-end-diastolic velocity [EDV])/PSV. All studies were performed before and after implantation (mean duration of support, 15.6±10.9 months). LVAS implantation significantly improved eGFR (42.7±7.9 to 64.1±16.3mL/min, P<0.05). Beat-by-beat measurements of heart rate did not change significantly. Mean PSV decreased significantly (38.2±8.9 to 28.3±2.2cm/s, P<0.05), and mean EDV increased significantly (8.3±3.2 to 11.3±1.3cm/s, P<0.05), and thus, mean RI was significantly improved (0.79±0.06 to 0.60±0.04, P<0.01). In conclusion, in advanced heart failure patients, pulsatile LVAS implantation is associated with improved renal function, and this improvement may be mediated in part through an improvement of intrarenal hemodynamics.     

Unrelated living donor kidney transplantation

Since 1966, we have performed 41 renal transplants from unrelated living donors (ULD), 39 of which were emotionally related. All donor-recipient pairs included in the present series were AB0-compatible. Recipients included 37 with primary and 4 with secondary transplants; 2 of the latter were diabetics. We compared these results to those of 41 recipients of cadaver donor kidneys matched for age, sex, immunosuppressive regimen, rank, and year of transplant, focusing our attention of the subgroups of patients under cyclosporin A (CyA) therapy (n=24). We found that ULD transplantation was as successful as cadaver transplantation with good HLA matching: at 3 years, graft survival rates were 81% in ULD versus 86% in the control group under CyA. Moreover, grafts from ULD functioned more rapidly (no post-transplant dialysis and 70% of the patients with serum creatinine below 2 mg/dl within 3 days post-transplant). Graft tolerance was equivalent in both groups (50% of the patients experienced no rejection). We conclude that despite poor HLA matching, ULD transplantation with CyA as the basic immunosuppressive agent offers good results: benefiting from the quality of living donor kidney grafts, it helps to alleviate the persistent shortage of cadaver donors.     

肾移植后非霍奇金淋巴瘤十例报告

目的 探讨肾移植后非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)的临床特点以及诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1998年1月至2011年1月单中心同种异体肾移植2045例的资料,其中术后发生NHL 10例,发生率为0.49％.患者中男性和女性各5例,发病时年龄为30～59岁,肾移植后首次确诊NHL距离第1次肾移植的时间为(128.5±116.3)个月.结果 患者病变部位包括胃部3例、皮肤2例、咽淋巴环2例(其中软腭1例、扁桃体1例)、子宫1例、肝脏1例、颅内1例.10例经病理检查均为弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤.确诊NHL后首选环磷酰胺+多柔比星+长春新碱+泼尼松(CHOP)方案化疗,2008年后部分病例加用利妥昔单抗.10例患者随访截止时全部存活,其中时间最长者在确诊NHL后已存活14年.结论 肾移植后NHL的临床诊断较困难,病理诊断是唯一的确诊手段.对肾移植后长期存活的患者,应加强随访监测,以早期发现和诊断NHL.     

肾移植后使用西罗莫司继发间质性肺炎七例

目的 分析肾移植术后使用西罗莫司(SRL)的受者继发间质性肺炎的情况,以指导临床治疗。方法 7例肾移植受者在使用SRL后发生间质性肺炎8次,其中2例初始免疫抑制治疗即采用含SRL的方案,5例的初始免疫抑制方案为他克莫司（或环孢素A）+吗替麦考酚酯+泼尼松,后因移植肾肾病（4例）或并发肿瘤（1例）而将他克莫司（或环孢素A）转换为SRL。发生间质性肺炎时,临床表现为发热,伴有呼吸道症状以及呼吸困难,CT和胸片检查有阳性表现。结果 发生间质性肺炎后,4例5次停用SRL,另外3例减少SRL的用量,3～14 d后发热和呼吸道症状逐渐好转,2～4周后胸部影像学检查提示肺炎开始逐渐吸收,而病变完全吸收则需要2～6个月。结论 肾移植后使用SRL可继发间质性肺炎,一旦发生间质性肺炎,应立即减少SRL的用量或停用SRL。     

A prospective comparison of laparoscopic and robotic radical nephrectomy for T1-2N0M0 renal cell carcinoma

Objectives  We prospectively evaluated the safety, feasibility, and efficiency of robotic radical nephrectomy (RRN) for localized renal tumors (T1-2N0M0) and compared this with laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN). Materials and methods  Between October 2006 to August 2007, a prospective data analysis of 15 cases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) stage T1-2N0M0, undergoing RRN was done. These patients were compared with a contemporary cohort of 15 patients of RCC with clinical stage T1-2N0M0, undergoing LRN. To keep comparison robust, all cases were performed by a single surgeon. Demographic, intra-operative, post-operative outcomes, pathological characteristics and follow-up data of the two groups were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results  Patients in group A (RRN) experienced significantly (P = 0.001) long operating time than group B (LRN). However, mean estimated blood loss, intra-operative and post-operative complications, blood transfusion rate, analgesic requirement, hospital stay and convalescence were comparable in two groups (P < 0.05). There was one conversion to open surgery in group A, and none in group B. The mean follow-up was comparable in two groups (8.3 and 9.1 months, respectively, in group A and B, P = 0.09). There were no local, port-site or distal recurrences in either group. Conclusions  Robotic radical nephrectomy is a safe, feasible and effective for performing radical nephrectomy for localized RCC. Both groups (RRN and LRN) had comparable intra-operative, peri-operative, post-operative and oncological outcomes except for longer operating time with increased cost for RRN. In this comparative study, there were no outstanding benefits of RRN observed over LRN for localized RCC.