178例原发性三叉神经痛微血管减压手术体会

目的：探讨原发性三叉神经痛微血管减压的手术技巧和总结手术体会。方法：采用乙状窦后锁孔入路对178例原发性三叉神经痛行显微血管减压术治疗,选择Teflon棉为减压垫,根据术中所见压迫血管的类型,分别采用Teflon棉隔离、血管悬吊、血管隔离加感觉根部分切断及神经松解加部分感觉根烧灼等手术方式。其中发现明确血管压迫,尤其压迫处神经变形者单纯行Teflon棉隔离减压;部分责任血管仅与神经接触者,行血管隔离加感觉根部分切断;责任血管为长袢状者行血管悬吊;而未见明确责任血管者行神经松解加部分感觉根烧灼。随访观察其疗效。结果：术中发现三叉神经入脑干区有血管压迫者154例,血管与神经接触密切者19例．未见责任血管但明显蛛网膜增厚者5例。其中动脉责任血管145例,动静脉联合责任血管22例,单纯静脉责任血管6例。单纯行Teflon棉隔离减压155例,减压加部分感觉根切断11例,责任血管悬吊7例,蛛网膜松解加感觉根部分烧灼s侧。术后疼痛立邵消失169例,显著减轻者6例,1周内明显减轻者2例。所有患者术后获3个月～3年随访（平均1．5年）,疼痛消失175例（98．3％）,服用卡马西平片控制满意者2例．疼痛复发如术前1例。结论：微血管减压术是原发性三叉神经痛有效的治疗方法,根据责任血管类型采取适当减压方法是提高三叉神经痛手术有效率及减少复发的关键措施。     

Time to maximum clinical improvement following minimally invasive chevron and Akin osteotomies (MICA) in hallux valgus surgery

BackgroundThere is increasing evidence of positive improvement in clinical and radiological outcomes following minimally invasive hallux valgus deformity correction surgery (MIS). This study investigated the rate of improvement in clinical patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) following MIS as this is not well understood.MethodsBetween July 2014 and July 2019, data was prospectively collected from consecutive patients pre-operatively and at 6, 12, and 24 months following third-generation minimally invasive chevron and Akin osteotomies (MICA). Radiographic deformity and correction was assessed using weight-bearing radiographs pre-operatively and 6 weeks post-operatively. The primary outcome measure was the change in Manchester Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) score at each time point. Secondary outcomes include radiographic deformity correction, health-related quality of life PROMs and exploration of cases where PROMs did not improve.ResultsThere were 202 feet with complete PROM data for every time point. There was a statistically significant improvement in MOXFQ Index score at each time point (p < 0.05) following MICA surgery. The majority of the improvement occurred within the first 6 months. A subgroup of 17 feet (8.4%) were identified which had worse MOXFQ Index scores 6 months following MICA. For 14 feet in this subgroup (82.4%), the MOXFQ Index score subsequently improved over time such that by two years, their score had significantly improved compared to their pre-operative score.ConclusionThe majority of PROM improvement with MICA is gained by 6 months post-operatively but further significant improvement can be seen up to 2 years. Those patients who have not improved at 6 months, are likely to do so with time.Level of evidenceIV.     

Effects of intestinal bacteria-derived p-cresyl sulfate on Th1-type immune response in vivo and in vitro

Protein fermentation by intestinal bacteria generates various compounds that are not synthesized by their hosts. An example is p-cresol, which is produced from tyrosine. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) accumulate high concentrations of intestinal bacteria-derived p-cresyl sulfate (pCS), which is the major metabolite of p-cresol, in their blood, and this accumulation contributes to certain CKD-associated disorders. Immune dysfunction is a CKD-associated disorder that frequently contributes to infectious diseases among CKD patients. Although some studies imply pCS as an etiological factor, the relation between pCS and immune systems is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the immunological effects of pCS derived from intestinal bacteria in mice. For this purpose, we fed mice a tyrosine-rich diet that causes the accumulation of pCS in their blood. The mice were shown to exhibit decreased Th1-driven 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity response. The concentration of pCS in blood was negatively correlated with the degree of the contact hypersensitivity response. In contrast, the T cell-dependent antibody response was not influenced by the accumulated pCS. We also examined the in vitro cytokine responses by T cells in the presence of pCS. The production of IFN-γ was suppressed by pCS. Further, pCS decreased the percentage of IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells. Our results suggest that intestinal bacteria-derived pCS suppressesTh1-type cellular immune responses.     

超早期小骨窗手术治疗基底节区脑出血

目的探讨小骨窗经侧裂手术治疗基底节区脑出血的手术时机、方法、适应证及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院2006年9月至2008年5月采用超早期（发病6h内）小骨窗经侧裂显微手术治疗的116例基底节区脑出血患者的临床资料。结果血肿完全清除109例,血肿清除在80％以上7例;4例出现术后再出血,均为长期服用阿斯匹林患者;无手术死亡病例。3例术后2周内死亡,其中2例为术前已脑疝患者,1例为术后再出血患者。113例好转出院的患者中18例失去联系,95例随访6个月～2年,按日常生活能力评分评定预后,Ⅰ级51例,Ⅱ级26例,Ⅲ级11例,Ⅳ级2例,死亡5例（均死于高血压相关疾病）。结论正确的手术入路、娴熟的显微外科手术方法与技巧对提高基底节区脑出血患者术后生活质量,减少并发症有重要意义。     

锁孔入路显微手术切除后颅窝肿瘤的疗效分析

目的 探讨锁孔手术入路应用于后颅窝肿瘤手术的疗效及手术技巧。方法 后颅窝肿瘤患者43例,其中CP角肿瘤20例(听神经瘤18例、脑膜瘤、室管膜瘤各1例)、岩斜区脑膜瘤8例、桥脑肿瘤6例(胶质瘤3例、转移癌2例、胶质增生1例)、四脑室肿瘤4例(髓母细胞瘤、室管膜瘤各2例)、小脑半球肿瘤3例(转移癌2例、血管母细胞瘤1例)、天幕缘脑膜瘤、枕大孔．鞍区．CP角胆脂瘤各1例。根据肿瘤解剖位置及其特性,选择颞下、乳突后或枕下正中锁孔入路进行手术切除。结果 43例肿瘤全切除37例(86．0％),次全切除5例(11．6％),大部分切除1例(2．3％)。无与锁孔入路相关并发症出现。18例听神经瘤患者均肿瘤全切除,面神经解剖保留15例(83,3％),其中1例患者手术后第2天因脑干水肿死亡。8例岩斜区脑膜瘤患者,5例肿瘤全切除,2例次全切除,1例大部分切除,其中2例患者术后遗有轻度偏瘫,1例有轻度面瘫。6例桥脑肿瘤患者,3例肿瘤全切除,3例次全切除,术后无神经功能障碍。其他患者肿瘤均全切除,除1例巨大胆脂瘤患者复视在术后无明显好转外,无其他神经功能障碍。结论 锁孔入路进行后颅窝肿瘤手术具有安全、简捷、微创的效果,是神经外科手术发展的一个方向。     

The toll-like receptor ligands Hiltonol® (polyICLC) and imiquimod effectively activate antigen-specific immune responses in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii)

Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) describes two genetically distinct transmissible tumours that pose a significant threat to the survival of the Tasmanian devil. A prophylactic vaccine could protect devils from DFTD transmission. For this vaccine to be effective, potent immune adjuvants will be required. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) promote robust immune responses in human cancer studies and are highly conserved across mammalian species. In this study, we investigated the proficiency of TLR ligands for immune activation in the Tasmanian devil using in vitro mononuclear cell stimulations and in vivo immunisation trials with a model antigen. We identified two such TLR ligands, polyICLC (Hiltonol^®) (TLR3) and imiquimod (TLR7), that in combination induced significant IFNγ production from Tasmanian devil lymphocytes in vitro. Immunisation with these ligands and the model antigen keyhole limpet haemocyanin activated robust antigen-specific primary, secondary and long-term memory IgG responses. Our results support the conserved nature of TLR signaling across mammalian species. PolyICLC and imiquimod will be trialed as immune adjuvants in future DFTD vaccine formulations.     

Immunologic and functional characterization of anti-HLA-DR rabbit antibodies induced by synthetic peptides

Three peptides selected from the amino acid sequence of the alpha- and beta-chains of DR2 histocompatibility antigens were chemically synthesized and coupled to carrier proteins to be used as immunogens in rabbits. This immunization resulted in the production of specific antibodies that readily recognized the antigen. However, only one of the four antibody preparations, antibody 6148, elicited by a short peptide from the beta-chain (residues 61-73), reacts with native membrane glycoproteins as well as intact human lymphoblastoid cells in enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays. This antibody was found to react also with membrane glycoproteins solubilized by nonionic detergents from cells bearing a different HLA-DR specificity: therefore it is likely that the peptide responsible for eliciting antibody 6148 represents a common framework determinant of DR alloantigens that is accessible on the surface of lymphoblastoid cells. The ability of antibody 6148 to bind to intact cells was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and by fluorescein-activated cell sorter analysis. This antibody is also capable of mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity as determined by a 51Cr-release assay.     

Single-cell analysis by RT-PCR reveals differential expression of multiple type 1 and 2 cytokine genes among cells within polarized CD4+ T cell populations.

RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10 mRNAs by single murine CD4+ T cells activated either in a strongly type 1-polarized mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) or in the type 2-polarized response to immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in alum. The frequencies of expression of each cytokine differed markedly between the two responses, consistent with their polarization at the population level. However, most cells expressed only none to three of the six cytokines assayed, few displayed the canonical type 1 profile and none in either response expressed a full type 2 or type 0 profile. A significant fraction of cells co-expressed IFN-gamma with IL-4 and/or other type 2 cytokines at frequencies that suggested that most of these genes were independently regulated. Collectively, these single-cell expression patterns indicate that polarization at the population level can mask substantial intercellular heterogeneity, and show directly that multiple type 1 and 2 cytokines can be expressed simultaneously in an individual T cell.     

Cross-reactivity between terrestrial snails (Helix species) and house-dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus). I. In vivo study

Clinical reports have suggested an unusual frequency in the number of patients with food allergy to snails who are also allergic to the house-dust mite (HDM). As allergy to HDM is one of the most frequent sensitizations in atopic patients of Western countries, evaluation of the relevance of the concomitant sensitization to Eermatophagoides pteronyssinus and to snails is an important consideration. To evaluate the responsibility of different snail components and of snail mites for inducing in vivo hypersensitivity in patients allergic to HDM, the in vivo reactivity of patients with clinical symptoms after ingestion of snails was assessed by skin prick tests with tests with extracts and hemolymph from four different Helix species snails, and extracts from the snail parasitic mite, Riccardoella limacum. In addition, to obtain epidemiologic data on cosensitization to HDM and snails in allergic patient, the frequency of snail sensitization and its relationship to HDM sensitization were determined in a population of 169 allergic children. All patients allergic to snails had positive skin prick tests to the snail extracts and none to R. limacum extract. The nunber of positive skin reactions did not significantly differ whatever the species, snail part, or heating procedure used. The strongest reactions were obtained with Helix pomatia (Burgundy snail extracts; 79% of the snail-sensitized children had sensitization to HDM; and 31% of the children allergic to HDM were found to be sensitized to snails. These results show that sanil components, and not the mite R. limacum, were responsible for the invivo hypersensitivity. These snail components reacting in vivo are present in different parts of snails, including the hemolymph. One-third of the children allergic to HDM were sensitized to snails without any previous ingestion of snails: this observation suggests that HDM was the sensitizing agent and that the cross-raction could be clinically relevant in countries where eating snails is common.