Distribution of the largest neuron in mouse caudate-putamen nucleus: Its position in large-cell — Medium-cell clusters

Summary The position of the largest striatal neuron within territories delimited by medium-sized clustered neurons was charted in Nissl-stained sections through the mouse caudate-putamen nucleus. Medium-sized neuron somata occur in close proximity to this large cell at some point in the anteroposterior, mediolateral or dorsoventral extent of its soma. The size of the network of medium-sized neurons associated with the large cell may vary from two to 15 neurons. Even when this network is extensive, the large neuron is never completely surrounded. Most often, this cell also borders a fascicle of internal capsule fibers, and the entire cellular island may be aligned either parallel to or perpendicular to the orientation of these fibers. These findings suggest the hypothesis that cellular territories in the caudate-putamen nucleus have a very specific orientation in three dimensional space.     

益骨胶囊含药血清对共育体系中破骨细胞活性和凋亡的影响

目的： 观察益骨胶囊含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中对SD大鼠破骨细胞（OC）活性和凋亡的影响。 方法： (1)取1d龄SD大鼠颅骨分离培养成骨细胞（OB），取5d龄SD大鼠四肢股骨、胫骨分离培养OC，建立细胞上清相通但细胞间不相互混杂的平面式成骨-破骨细胞共育体系，实验分为含药血清组和对照组；（2）将10月龄SD雌性大鼠分为益骨胶囊灌胃组和生理盐水对照组，制备含药血清和对照血清；（3）重氮盐法检测抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）和光镜观察骨陷窝数；（4）光镜和荧光显微镜下观察共育体系中OC凋亡情况。 结果： 含药血清组在48 h、72 h、96 h对成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中OC分泌TRACP的活性均明显降低于对照组，OC的存活数明显低于对照组，OC的凋亡率明显高于对照组且呈明显的时效关系；所形成骨吸收陷窝的数目明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。 结论： 益骨胶囊含药血清在共育体系中能够抑制OC活性，诱导破骨细胞的凋亡。     

菊藤胶囊对应激大鼠血压、血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ和血液流变学的影响

目的观察中药复方菊藤胶囊对慢性应激性高血压大鼠血压、血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）及血液流变学的影响。方法大鼠随机分为6组（每组7只）：应激＋蒸馏水组（model），应激＋菊藤胶囊高剂量组（JT—H），应激＋菊藤胶囊中剂量组（JT—M），应激＋菊藤胶囊低剂量组（JT—L），应激＋卡托普利组（captopril），正常对照组（control）；除正常对照组外，其余5组均采用低频低压交流电间断电击法。电击大鼠足底28d，制作应激性高血压模型，同时各组均加入不同的干预。后应用经尾动脉测量血压和心率，酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测大鼠血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ，血液流变学和细胞流变学的各项指标。观察比较菊藤胶囊不同剂量组、卡托普利组对应激致大鼠血压及相关指标的影响。结果与正常对照组相比，模型组大鼠血压和血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ含量明显升高（P〈0．01）。全血黏度、血浆黏度、纤维蛋白原及红细胞聚集指数均明显升高（P〈0．05），红细胞变形指数无变化。与模型组相比，菊藤胶囊高、中组均能抑制应激大鼠的血压及血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ含量的升高（P〈0．01），菊藤胶囊高剂量能明显改善应激大鼠的血液流变性（P〈0．05），低剂量组应激大鼠的血液流变学无明显改变（P〉0．05）。结论菊藤胶囊能够降低应激性高血压大鼠的血压，其机理可能是通过降低血浆中血管紧张素Ⅱ的含量和改善血液流变和细胞流变性实现的。     

人和大鼠腰椎关节突关节的SP能神经纤维的分布

目的：证实支配腰椎关节突关节的神经支配和化学性质，方法：用逆行荧光素标记结合免疫组化法，研究７只大鼠腰部脊神经节细胞的周围突分支投射到腰椎关节突关节及其递质性质以及３例人腰椎关节突关节囊上神经末梢的化学性质，结果：发现大鼠一侧Ｌ５和Ｌ６之间的关节突关节受同侧Ｌ２－５节段的脊神经节的部分细胞周围突分支支配，其中有３３．３９９％的中型和小型细胞为中ＳＰ能免疫反应阳性，人的关节突关节囊含有ＳＰ阳性的神经     

Acoustic transmission in normal human hips: structural testing of joint symmetry

An acoustical technique has been developed for the measurement of structural symmetry of the hip joints. A mild vibratory force was applied to the sacrum and sound signals were picked up at both hips by a pair of microphones installed in two stethoscopes. These stethoscope–microphone assembles were calibrated to achieve a difference in relative sensitivity of less than 0.2 dB. The relative transmission of sound signals was analysed and compared between both hips by a dual-channel signal analyser. Twenty-seven healthy adults, 20 healthy pre-school children and 19 normal neonates were tested. Results from these three groups showed high coherence of the sound signals and that the discrepancy between both hips was smallest in the frequency range of 200–315 Hz. For normal neonates, the sound signals maintained a high coherence (γ²>0.97) and small discrepancy (D<1.25 dB) between both hips. This study has shown that the acoustical technique provides a practical structural testing for bony symmetry of the hips and the results offer a baseline for further investigation into developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in neonates. Clinical screening for DDH is still problematic in developing countries.     

基于永磁磁场的电子胶囊定位系统

为了确定可吞服式电子胶囊在人体内的位置,基于矩形永磁体空间磁场解析式,设计了定位系统,提出了相应的定位算法,并进行了实验。系统中两个三轴磁传感器封装在胶囊内,由胶囊和永磁体的空间位姿关系模型,建立了与传感器输出和胶囊位姿变量相关的一组非线性方程。对方程进行了数值求解,并和期望值进行了比较,结果发现该方法是切实可行的。     

Determining appropriate models for joint control using surface electrical stimulation of soleus in spinal cord injury

The mechanical impedance of the ankle joint during electrical stimulation of the soleus is studied by applying constant-velocity 10° angular perturbations to the ankle and measuring the resultant torque. Both neurologically intact subjects and spinal cord injured subjects are tested. Lumped, piecewise linear models are developed to predict the torque from the measured displacement and acceleration signals. The commonly used second-order mass-spring-dashpot model fails to predict the changes in torque that occur following imposed movements. A fiveelement, directionally-dependent piecewise linear model is much better at predicting the measured responses for velocities up to 50° s⁻¹. Numerical least squared error indentification techniques are used to estimate the model parameters for three neurologically intact and three spinal cord injured subjects. The average error between the model’s response and the measured response across all subjects is 10·9%. There is some evidence that a velocity-dependent non-linear model could produce better results than the directionally-dependent piecewise linear model.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折

目的 评价锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的疗效。方法 分析我科2002年8月至2006年3月收治并获得随访的15例新鲜的TossyⅡ、Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱住和NeerⅢ型锁骨远端骨折患者的治疗方法及效果。术后随访4～47个月，采用Iazzcan0标准进行临床评价。结果优13例，良2例，优良率达到100％。结论 锁骨钩钢板是治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的理想内固定材料。     

The dynamics of isometric bimanual coordination

Eight right-handed subjects performed rhythmic isometric applications of torque in the directions of pronation and supination of the forearm, in single limb and bimanual conditions. Bimanual movements were executed in either in-phase (homologous muscles simultaneously active) or anti-phase (non-homologous muscles active simultaneously) modes of coordination, in self-paced and frequency-scaled conditions. In the inphase (frequency-scaled) condition, subjects were required to synchronise (applications of torque) with each beat of a metronome, either in the direction of pronation or supination. In the anti-phase (frequency-scaled) condition, subjects were required to synchronise (applications of torque) with each beat of the metronome, either to the left or to the right. Departures from the anti-phase mode of coordination were observed as pacing frequency was increased. However, these departures were of short duration and the anti-phase mode was always re-established. These findings are in marked contrast to those obtained when there is free motion of the limbs. There also existed systematic differences between the stability of the pronation and supination phases of torque application. These differences were, in turn, modified through coincidence with the pacing signal. These results are discussed with reference to the constraints imposed upon the coordination dynamics by the intrinsic properties of the neuromuscular-skeletal system.     

The significance of somatosensory stimulations to the human foot in the control of postural reflexes

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible pathways in the somatosensory system that relate to the postural reflexes in the leg muscles during a sudden, toes-up platform rotation. The inputs to the cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the sole of the foot as well as to the joint receptors in the ankle joint were modulated by standing on different supporting surfaces and by immobilizing the ankle joints; and three leg muscle responses (characterized by short latency, medium latency, and long latency) to the platform movement were recorded in 15 healthy young subjects. It was found that: (1) the short latency was not affected by the changes in either plantar pressure or ankle joint movement; (2) the medium latency was regulated by the plantar pressures under the foot, as sensed by the cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the sole of the foot, and by the ankle joint movement, as perceived by the joint receptors in the ankle joint; (3) the long latency was also related to the ankle joint movement, but this relation seems to be modulated by the plantar pressures under the foot; and (4) both medium and long latencies were well correlated with the time derivative of the pressure difference between the forefoot and the rear foot regions (r=0.7), as well as with the static pressure in the antagonist foot region (r>0.6). Received: 12 January 1996 / Accepted: 30 September 1996