Déterminants de l’hypertension artérielle contrôlée chez les sujets traités par antihypertenseurs en France : enquête FLAHS 2015

ObjectiveThe FLASH 2015 survey sought the determinants of hypertension control in subjects treated with antihypertensive drugs in France.MethodSending self-administered questionnaire by mail to a representative sample of the population living in metropolitan France (MetaScope basis, TNS Sofres, France). Patients who declare taking antihypertensive drugs are considered treated hypertensives. A home blood pressure monitoring during 3 days was asked in subjects owing a blood pressure monitor and the average of 18 measurements was calculated.ResultsA total of 6379 subjects aged 55 and older were included with 2814 (44.1%) treated with antihypertensive drugs. Home blood pressure was obtained from 1455 subjects including 882 (60.6%) treated. SBP/DBP are 129.3 ± 13.5/75.5 ± 9.0 mmHg and are higher in treated subjects in each age category. BP < 135/85 was observed in 55.4% and BP < 140/90 in 71.7%. Determinants of BP control (< 135/85) are the number of measurement for averaging (18 measures over 3 days vs 3 measurements on a morning; 55.4%/44.3%), age (55–64 years vs 80 years old; 57.6%/49.1%), gender (women vs men; 60.3%/50.1%), BMI (< 25 vs > 30; 63.1%/46.1%). In the 80 and older, a SBP < 145 was observed in 74.7% of subjects. The control was 61% when considering an SBP/DBP < 135/85 in 55–79 years and SBP < 145 among 80 and older.ConclusionThe control of hypertension evaluated by home blood pressure on a representative population living in metropolitan France is estimated at between 44.3% and 74.7% and several determinants influence the control of blood pressure like age, gender and BMI.     

Riser pattern is a predictor of kidney mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease

Background: Hypertension is a crucial risk factor for cardiovascular death and loss of residual kidney function. Absence of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure (BP) predicts cardiovascular events and poor prognosis. However, characteristics of hypertension in moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) have not been fully evaluated. We aimed to assess the circadian variation of BP and kidney survival in CKD patients. Methods: Patients who were examined by 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), <45 ml/min/1.73 m², were enrolled in the study. The impacts of BP circadian rhythm and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) on kidney survival were evaluated. Results: A total of 124 patients were enrolled. The average age was 64 ± 14 years, 57% were male, and 43% had diabetes. Forty-five percent of patients had a non-dipper pattern, 35% had a riser pattern, 19% had a dipper pattern, and 1% had an extreme-dipper pattern. The prevalence of diabetes and plasma BNP levels was higher and eGFR was lower in the riser-pattern group than in the non-riser-pattern group. Kidney survival rates were significantly worse in the riser-pattern group than in the non-riser-pattern group (p < 0.05). Moreover, among riser and non-riser pattern groups divided by BNP levels, the riser group with higher BNP level showed the worst kidney survival (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The riser pattern is frequently associated with several conditions at higher risk for kidney survival. Patients with a rising pattern and higher BNP levels have a worse kidney prognosis.     

Sex-specific endothelial dysfunction induced by high-cholesterol diet in rats: The role of protein tyrosine kinase and nitric oxide

Background and aimsAtherosclerosis is a chronic process playing a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Sex-specific differences in the incidence of atherosclerosis indicate that estrogen has a protective effect on the cardiovascular disease. However, the role of sex on endothelium responses in animal models of high cholesterol (HC) diet-induced atherosclerosis has not been fully investigated. This study was aimed to investigate vascular responses in HC-fed rats.Methods and resultsMale and female Sprague rats (12-week-old) were treated with either a standard diet (n = 12 of each sex) or an HC enriched diet (n = 12 of each sex) containing 2% cholesterol for 24 weeks. HC treated animals (both sexes) showed increased levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and blood pressure (BP) compared to control rats. While the BP of control rats (both sexes) was increased following aminoguanidine administration (AG, 100 mg/kg i.p.), it was not changed in HC animals (both sexes). The hypotensive effect of acetylcholine was significantly impaired in male HC-treated rats. In vitro experiments demonstrated that aortic rings from HC group (both sexes) had an increased contractile response to phenylephrine and a decreased vasodilatory response to acetylcholine. The vasorelaxant effect of acetylcholine in HC rats (only male) was improved by applying 10^?5 M genistein (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) or AG.ConclusionHC diet alters endothelium function through Nitric oxide (NO) and tyrosine kinase pathways in male rats.     

高龄老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律和脉压变化特征探讨

目的探讨高龄老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律和脉压变化的特点。方法将老年高血压患者346例按年龄分为2组:老年高血压组(A组)186例,年龄60~79岁;高龄老年高血压组(B组)160例,年龄80~99岁。分析2组患者动态血压参数、动态血压昼夜节律异常发生率。结果24h平均舒张压(24hDBP)高龄老年高血压组低于老年高血压组(P0.001)。老年高血压组和高龄老年高血压组24h动态脉压(24hAPP)分别为(62.06±11.79)和(66.73±11.45)mmHg。日间平均压(dABP)老年高血压组高于高龄老年高血压组(P0.01)。24hAPP老年高血压组低于高龄老年高血压组(P0.001)。老年高血压组和高龄老年高血压组血压昼夜节律异常率分别为82.80%和90.63%。结论老年高血压患者随着年龄的增大,24hDBP呈现降低趋势,24hAPP呈现增高趋势。老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律特征多数表现为非杓型和反杓型血压,且多数血压昼夜节律消失。随增龄变化老年高血压患者昼夜节律异常率增高,增龄是血压昼夜节律消失的一个重要因素。     

两种麻醉方法在老年关节置换中的临床效果比较

目的:探讨全身麻醉和硬腰联合麻醉在老年关节置换患者中的循环系统影响。方法:回顾性分析我院本院2005年～2011年收治的90例老年行关节置换患者,对其应用全麻(GA)和腰-硬膜外联合麻醉(CSEA)的血压及相关情况进行比较。结果:全麻组在麻醉诱导和手术中收缩压和舒张压的变化波动较硬腰组具有明显的统计学意义(P<0.05)。在麻醉诱导后腰硬联合组在改善心肌耗氧量方面明显优于全麻组。结论:硬腰联合麻醉在老年关节置换中具有麻醉平稳、循环系统波动小、操作简单等优势,可作为老年关节置换手术的重要麻醉方式。     

Cerebrospinal fluid pressure as a function of body position in dogs

Abstract

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure has been measured as a function of body position in dogs under pentobarbital anaesthesia. CSF pressure was higher than superior sagittal sinus pressure by an almost constant 6 cm of water; regardless of positioni, if 30 min were allowed for the system to reach equilibrium. The sinus pressure was found to depend on simple hydrostatic theory when the sinus was at or below the level of the heart. When the sinus was above the heart, the collapsing nature of the jugular veins prevented the sinus pressure from dropping as low as a simple hydrostatic theory would predict. [Neurol Res 1994; 16: 439-442]     

Genital pyoderma gangrenosum: Report of two cases and published work review of Japanese cases

Pyoderma gangrenosum is an ulcerative skin disorder showing characteristic non‐infectious ulcers and affects the lower extremities in approximately 70% of cases. Pyoderma gangrenosum is commonly associated with systemic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis and hematological malignancies. Herein, we report two cases of Japanese patients diagnosed with genital pyoderma gangrenosum. Case 1 was a 74‐year‐old woman without associated systemic complications, whose skin lesion resembled a squamous cell carcinoma and was limited to the vulva. Case 2 is an 89‐year‐old man, who suffered from myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, and presented with penile and leg ulcers mimicking pressure sores. Both cases responded well to systemic steroids. We review 13 genital pyoderma gangrenosum cases (76.9% male; aged 30–89 years) from 1996 to 2012 in Japan, including 11 previously reported cases and the present study's two cases. Four of the 13 genital pyoderma gangrenosum cases had associated systemic diseases and their skin lesions spread to the extragenital areas. Eight of the remaining nine genitalia‐localized pyoderma gangrenosum cases had no associated systemic diseases. In conclusion, genital pyoderma gangrenosum is rare and may be misdiagnosed. It should therefore be considered in cases of refractory genital ulcers. In addition, genitalia‐localized pyoderma gangrenosum tends to be without systemic complications.     

Editorial on hemoglobin A1c, blood pressure, and lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol goals in diabetics

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2013 guidelines state that a reasonable hemoglobin A1c goal for many nonpregnant adults with diabetes is less than 7.0% a hemoglobin A1c level of less than 6.5% may be considered in adults with short duration of diabetes, long life expectancy, and no significant cardiovascular disease if this can be achieved without significant hypoglycemia or other adverse effects of treatment. A hemoglobin A1c level less than 8.0% may be appropriate for patients with a history of severe hypoglycemia, limited life expectancy, advanced macrovascular and microvascular complications, extensive comorbidities, and long-standing diabetes in whom the hemoglobin A1c goal is difficult to attain despite multiple glucoselowering drugs including insulin. The ADA 2013 guidelines recommend that the systolic blood pressure in most diabetics with hypertension should be reduced to less than 140 mmHg. These guidelines also recommend use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker in the treatment of hypertension in diabetics unless they are pregnant. Diabetics at high risk for cardiovascular events should have theirserum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowered to less than 70 mg/dL with statins. Lower-risk diabetics should have their serum LDL cholesterol reduced to less than 100 mg/dL. Combination therapy of a statin with either a fibrate or niacin has not been shown to provide additional cardiovascular benefit above statin therapy alone and is not recommended. Hypertriglyceridemia should be treated with dietary and lifestyle changes. Severe hypertriglyceridemia should be treated with drug therapy to reduce the risk of acute pancreatitis.     

The role of aquaporin-1 in idiopathic and drug-induced intracranial hypertension

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a common disorder affecting mainly healthy, young, overweight women. The pathogenesis of this condition is unknown, but it has been shown to follow treatment with several compounds including corticosteroids and vitamin A derivatives. This paper will offer a novel hypothesis and insight on the pathogenesis of drug induced intracranial hypertension following a review and analysis of the literature. Both corticosteroids and vitamin A derivatives have been shown to upregulate the expression of aquaporin 1, a water channel protein. Aquaporin 1 is widely distributed in the human brain and is associated with water secretion into the subarachnoid space. Aquaporin 1 was also shown to participate in the regulation of weight. Agents used for treating idiopathic intracranial hypertension reduce aquaporin 1 expression. Based on these observations, we propose that aquaporin 1 has a pathogenetic role in drug induced idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Over expression of this gene causes increased intracranial pressure, and downregulation reduces pressure and alleviates the symptomatology and complications of idiopathic intracranial hypertension.