椎弓根内固定加椎体间植骨融合治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳

目的 评价椎弓根内固定、椎体间植骨融合术在治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳中的应用及其临床效果。方法 对75例腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳的患者行髓核摘除、椎弓根内固定加椎体间植骨融合术，病变节段分别为L3～4、L4～5和L5S1。结果 75例患者随访8～50个月，平均14．5个月。本组4例患者术后出现暂时性神经根牵拉症状，2例术后感染，椎体间植骨融合72例，不融合3例。所有病情均获不同程度缓解，无其他远期并发症出现。结论 椎弓根内固定加后路椎体间植骨融合治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳，除解除椎间盘源性疼痛外，尚能提供椎间的牢固性，促进椎体间植骨融合，恢复椎体永久稳定性。     

An axotomy model for the induction of death of rat and mouse corticospinal neurons in vivo

To study trophic dependencies of rat and mouse corticospinal neurons (CSN), we established a lesion model for the induction of death of analogous populations of CSN in these rodent species. Before lesion, CSN were retrogradely labeled with Fast Blue (FB). A stereotaxic cut lesion through the entire internal capsule (ICL) was used to axotomize CSN. The extent of axotomy was determined by application of a control tracer. In both species, FB-labeled CSN were localized in three major areas: (1) the sensory motor cortex; (2) the supplementary motor and medial prefrontal cortex; and (3) the somatosensory cortex. ICL does not lead to complete axotomy of CSN of the rat and mouse somatosensory cortex. In rats, ICL results in complete axotomy of CSN of the sensory motor cortex and incomplete axotomy of the caudal portion of the supplementary motor and medial prefrontal cortex. In mice, the area of axotomized CSN extends significantly further frontally. In both species, axotomy-induced death of CSN is observed in the center of the sensory motor cortex. This lesion model is useful for investigations on the response of CSN of the sensory motor cortex to lesion and therapeutic drugs.     

构建区域医疗机构内训师培训体系的实践探索

为了更好地完成国家基本公共服务标准化试点项目,完善区域医疗机构内部人才培训标准化体系,广州医科大学附属第六医院以地市级三级甲等医院优势为依托,以第三方医院管理咨询公司为主要技术支持,与该区域卫生健康局建立长期合作关系,组建区域医疗机构全面质量管理内训师团队,实施标准化课程培训,构建和应用内训师形成性评价体系。逐步完善了区域医疗机构全面质量管理内训师培训标准化体系,培养了一支规模适当、结构合理、素质优良的内训师资队伍。     

The novel infra‐pectineal buttress plates used for internal fixation of elderly quadrilateral surface involved acetabular fractures

ObjectivesIn geriatric acetabular fractures, the quadrilateral surface (QLS) was frequently involved in acetabular fracture patterns and accompanied by medial displacement. It was important to buttress the medial displaced QLS and reconstruct the congruity of the affected acetabulum. To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the novel infra‐pectineal quadrilateral surface buttress plates for the treatment of geriatric acetabular fractures.MethodsTwenty‐three geriatric patients who were treated for acetabular fractures involving QLS with the novel infra‐pectineal buttress plates (NIBP) through a single supra‐ilioinguinal approach between January 2015 and June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed; all patients received at least 1 year''s follow‐up. All patients were aged ≥60 years old and including 18 males and five females. Radiologic and clinical outcomes of patients involved in the study were collated and analyzed according to the Matta scoring system and the Merle D''Aubigné–Postel scoring system. The functional recovery scoring was compared using q‐test.ResultsAll 23 consecutive patients had relatively satisfactory clinical treatment effectiveness. Average ages, length of incision, operation time, and intraoperative blood loss were 69.8 ± 6.1 years, 12.1 ± 2.6 cm, 166.5 ± 43.5 min, and 500 (500,700) ml, respectively. According to the Matta scoring system, 14 cases of reduction were graded as excellent, five as good, and four as fair. At the last follow‐up, the clinical outcome evaluation was excellent in 13 cases, good in seven cases, and poor in three cases with the use of the Merle D''Aubigné–Postel scoring system. The difference of modified Merle D''Aubigne‐Postel score at 3 months, 6 months and last follow up was statistically significant (F = 21.56, p < 0.05). Postoperative lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury occurred in three patients and heterotopic ossification occurred in one patient.ConclusionsFor the treatment of geriatric acetabular fractures, the NIBP could provide stable and effective fixation to the QLS involved acetabular fractures, and related satisfactory clinical results with few complications were noted.     

普通钢板内固定治疗胫骨骨折并发症原因分析

目的分析普通钢板内固定治疗胫骨骨折术后骨不连的发生原因与治疗对策。方法自1998年7月～2005年12月共收治胫骨骨折患者182例。全部采用普通钢板内固定治疗。术后平均随访14个月（12～18个月）。结果182例中有175例达到临床愈合标准,并已拆除钢板,未发生骨髓炎、再骨折等并发症。经X线片检查,骨折均为骨性愈合,骨折临床愈合时间12～16周,平均14周。7例未达到临床愈合标准,发生率为3．85％。患者同时合并有腓骨骨折,主要并发症为术后骨不连。结论普通钢板内固定目前仍是基层医院治疗胫骨骨折的有效方法,只要严格掌握适应症,熟练掌握操作规程,可以减少并发症,提高疗效。     

超声下两种颈内静脉置管法的比较

目的 超声下比较两种路径颈内静脉置管方法的准确性及并发症的发生率,寻找更安全、可靠的颈内静脉穿刺路径。方法 选择需行颈内静脉穿刺患者60例,随机分为传统中路法穿刺组(A组,n=30)与颈内静脉搏动点法穿刺组(B组,n=30)。观察颈总动脉直径(D1)、颈内静脉直径(D2)、颈总动脉和颈内静脉重叠覆盖率、穿刺路径距颈内静脉中心距离(D3)、穿刺路径距颈总动脉外侧距离(D4)及可能触及颈总动脉例数。结果 与A组比较,B组D3较小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组D4明显大于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 颈内静脉搏动点法行颈内静脉穿刺更准确,并发症发生率更低。     

儿童先天性腹内疝临床特点分析

目的 儿童先天性腹内疝(congenital internal hernias,CIH)是较为少见的疾病.本研究的目的是分析儿童先天性腹内疝的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析北京儿童医院2007年3月至2015年7月间收治的44例先天性腹内疝患儿的临床资料.结果 共有44例患儿被手术证实为先天性腹内疝.其中男24例,女孩20例,男女比例为1.2∶1.患儿的发病年龄为22 h至13岁,平均3.9岁.小于1岁患儿腹内疝共19例,占总例数的43.2％,其中新生儿病例9例占总例数的20.5％.根据手术所见将44例患儿分为3组:十二指肠旁疝(paraduodenal hernia,PH)组2例,肠系膜裂孔疝(transmesenteric hernia,TH)组34例,腹腔内先天性索带所致内疝(hernia due to congenital liga-ment,CLH)组8例.十二指肠旁疝患儿的发病年龄为11.9岁,显著大于肠系膜裂孔疝组3.35岁(P=0.005)和先天性索带致内疝组4.05岁(P=0.009).腹内疝的主要症状包括腹痛(n=31,70.4％)、呕吐(n=35,79.5％)、血便(n=3,6.8％)、腹泻(n=2,4.5％)等;每个临床症状各组间差异无统计学意义.术前有31例患儿接受腹部B型超声检查,其中21(67.7％)例患儿术前超声明确诊断内疝.手术中发现33(75.0％)例患儿有肠管坏死,TH组88.2％ (30/34)的患儿疝人肠管坏死,显著高于PH组(0/2,P=0.024)和CLH组(1/8,P＜0.001).结论 儿童先天性腹内疝是临床上一种少见的疾病.尽管术前很难明确诊断,但及时的手术治疗可取得很好的疗效.     

胸腰椎不稳定骨折前后路短节段内固定有限元生物力学研究

目的通过建立前、后路内固定模型,比较前、后路固定后的力学稳定关系,指导临床选择前路或后路固定。方法分别建立胸腰椎三维有限元力学模型和前、后路固定器械模型及L1骨折模型,分别加载,对不同固定组的L1前柱、中柱、前中柱骨折的应力进行比较。结果①椎体前柱损伤的工况下,前路固定组的L1平面的Mises stress小于后路固定;②椎体前中柱共同损伤的工况下,前路固定组也优于后路固定组。结论胸腰椎前柱与前中柱不稳定骨折损伤,前路固定都优于后路。     

跟骨解剖支持板的研制及临床应用

目的 设计跟骨解剖支持板并研究其治疗跟骨骨折的临床应用价值.方法 通过对跟骨生物力学和骨折机理的探讨,设计了一种用于跟骨骨折内固定治疗的新型跟骨解剖支持板,并应用该钢板治疗跟骨骨折38例(46足).其中39足经过6个月以上随访(6～46个月,平均14.6个月).均行跟骨侧、轴位X线片和印横轴位、冠状位检查,按Sanders分型,其中Ⅱ型骨折10足,Ⅲ型骨折17足,Ⅳ型骨折12足.手术前后对Bohler角、Gissane's角、跟骨水平全长、丘部总高、轴长和体宽等多项指标进行比较,采用Marryland足部评分系统评价术后功能.结果 术后4例切口延迟愈合,2例腓肠皮神经损伤,1例腓骨长短肌腱滑脱,对症处理后均痊愈.术后功能评价显示:优21足,良15足,可3足,优良率达92.3%.结论 跟骨解剖支持板设计合理,结构性能良好,对其进行的多项生物力学测定表明该板可达到跟骨骨折固定的要求.可有效减少并发症,为治疗跟骨骨折提供了一种新的内固定方法.     

腰椎后路单节段椎弓根螺钉内固定的三维有限元分析

目的 建立腰34节段的后路经椎弓根螺钉内固定的有限元模型,评估固定前后系统的应力变化,探讨后路内固定对腰椎和内固定器械的力学影响.方法 利用Pro/E三维建模软件模拟脊柱后路的钉棒内固定系统,MIMICS软件模拟手术实际操作,建立后路经椎弓根螺钉固定前后的腰3-4节段三维实体,导入有限元软件ABAQUS中建立三维有限元模型.采用腰4椎体做收敛性分析,建立5种不同网格划分数目的 腰4模型进行验证.分析椎体和螺钉系统在0.5 mPa轴向压力下的力学变化.结果 在均布压力下,腰4模型位移为0.00125815 mm,与基准位移的误差只有0.8167%,模型收敛性好.在轴向压力作用下,固定后的椎体、椎间盘和内固定的应力发生明显变化,椎间盘的应力集中部位由后外侧转向前外侧,固定椎体产生的应力明显减小,应力遮挡效应明显.螺钉根部的上下方,存在着明显的应力集中,且上一椎体固定的螺钉要比下一椎体的螺钉承受应力大.结论 利用计算机辅助系统和有限元分析结合的方法 ,可以模拟腰3-4节段后路椎弓根内固定手术,较直观地观察脊柱后路固定前后系统的力学变化.