pH指示剂吸收度比值法测定盐酸苯海拉明的含量

本文报道pH指示剂吸收度比值法测定盐酸苯海拉明的含量。该法采用指示剂为0.05%麝香草酚蓝,测定波长440和603nm;标准液为0.1mol/L NaOH;仪器为WF-800D_2型分光光度计,UV-240型分光光度计.测得三批盐酸苯海拉明的含量分别为99.8,99.4和99.7%.同时与药典法比较,结果一致。     

Indications for combined high frequency ventilation in clinical use

A retrospective study of 20 surgical intensive care unit patients is reported. They were ventilated with continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV) and then switched to combined high frequency ventilation (CHFV). To find why there were variable responses to CHFV, the data of 20 patients were retrospectively evaluated with respect to respiratory index (RI), compliance (C) and extravascular lung water (EVIAV). The results suggest that the indication line for CHFV was a C value > 45 ml/cmH₂O and an EVLW value > 15 ml/kg BW.     

The EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index: psychometric results of a cross-cultural field study

Background: Survey research including multiple health indicatorsrequires brief indices for use in cross-cultural studies, whichhave, however, rarely been tested in terms of their psychometricquality. Recently, the EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index was developedas an adaptation of the WHOQOL-100 and the WHOQOL-BREF. Theaim of the current study was to test the psychometric propertiesof the EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index. Methods: In a survey on 4849European adults, the EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index was assessed across10 countries, with equal samples adjusted for selected sociodemographicdata. Participants were also investigated with a chronic conditionchecklist, measures on general health perception, mental health,health-care utilization and social support. Results: Findingsindicated good internal consistencies across a range of countries,showing acceptable convergent validity with physical and mentalhealth measures, and the measure discriminates well betweenindividuals that report having a longstanding condition andhealthy individuals across all countries. Differential itemfunctioning was less frequently observed in those countriesthat were geographically and culturally closer to the UK, butacceptable across all countries. A universal one-factor structurewith a good fit in structural equation modelling analyses (SEM)was identified with, however, limitations in model fit for specificcountires. Conclusions: The short EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index showedgood cross-cultural field study performance and a satisfactoryconvergent and discriminant validity, and can therefore be recommendedfor use in public health research. In future studies the measureshould also be tested in multinational clinical studies, particularlyin order to test its sensitivity.     

Monitoring population disability: evaluation of a new Global Activity Limitation Indicator (GALI)

Summary. Objective To evaluate a single item instrument, the Global Activity Limitation Indicator (GALI), to measure long-standing health related activity limitations, against several health indicators: a composite morbidity indicator, instruments measuring mental health (SCL-90R, GHQ-12), physical co-morbidity and physical limitations (ADLs, SF-36). Methods Cross-sectional data (n = 9168) of the 2001-National Health Interview Survey in Belgium was used to compare the GALI with other health indicators across gender, age, educational attainment and language. Results Responses to the GALI were similar to responses to other indicators of physical limitations (Limitations in Activities of Daily Living (by severity or by number of limitations), the SF-36 physical domain), to an indicator of chronic physical comorbidity and to indicators of mental health. The probability of reporting absence of long-standing activity limitation with the GALI was high in subjects without physical limitations or physical or mental conditions. This probability decreased as the severity or number of limitations, the number of physical or mental conditions increased. Conclusions The GALI performs appropriately against other health indicators and appears to refl ect long-standing activity limitation associated with both mental and physical conditions.

---

Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available to authorised users in the online version of this article at . Submitted: 14 March 2005 Accepted: 28 February 2006     

Output of bile and pancreatic enzymes after test meals with different fat content. Influence of body weight on pancreatic enzyme composition

The output of bile and pancreatic enzymes after two mixed meals with different fat content was studied in 16 healthy volunteers of normal body-weight. A quantitative multiple indicator dilution method was used. The delivery of more fat per time to the duodenum after the fat rich compared to the low fat meal was followed by the emptying of more bile but did not significantly increase the pancreatic response. The ratio between amylase and lipase was constant throughout the course of a single experiment but differed between the subjects. The ratio decreased with an increasing body weight, indicating a relative dominance of amylase over lipase in the lighter and the reverse in the heavy subjects. The same correlation was found when results from a previously reported series with a glucose containing mixed meal were reexamined. It is proposed that long time dietary differences might influence the enzyme composition of the postprandial pancreatic secretion.     

Detection of occult micrometastases in the bone marrow of patients with prostate carcinoma

A panel of three monoclonal antibodies that recognize membrane and cytoskeletal antigens expressed by epithelial cells (T₁₆′ C₂₆′ and AE-1) was used in a sensitive immunohistochemical assay to detect tumor cells in bone marrow aspirates from 20 patients with prostate cancer. Bone marrow aspirates from 2/9 (22%) patients with localized prostate cancer (stage B, 0/5; Stage C, 2/4), and 4/11 (36%) patients with metastatic prostate cancer (Stage D₁′ 0/7 patients; Stage D₂′ 4/4 patients) had antigen-positive cells in their bone marrow. The patients with localized disease had conventional examinations for metastases, including radioisotope bone scans and examination of bone marrow cytology, which were negative. The serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) level appeared to correlate with the presence of micrometastases. Those patients with localized disease and antigen-positive cells in the bone marrow had an average serum PSA level of 26.6 ng/ml, while the average serum PSA level in patients without antigen-positive cells was 12.3 ng/ml. In addition, the number of antigen-positive cells detected appeared to correlate with the stage of disease; patients with Stage C prostate cancer had an average of 10 antigen-positive cells per one million bone marrow elements, while patients with Stage D2 disease had an average of 25 antigen-positive cells per one million bone marrow elements. We have demonstrated that immunohistochemical staining of bone marrow aspirates can detect occult bone marrow metastases in patients with apparently localized prostate cancer. Further follow-up of these and a larger number of patients will be required to determine the potential clinical significance of this finding. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Concepts of risk in dental public health

The purpose of this paper is to review the concepts of risk as we use them today in dental public health practice, and to suggest that we should broaden our view of risk. Use of terms like risk factor in the literature can be quite vague, and it is recommended that a clear definition of that and related terms be adhered to. A broader view of risk in dental research would take in the concepts of social determinants of health and population health. While some progress has been made in our understanding of these issues, better knowledge would give the public health administrator more readily available information to use in program planning. The skewed distribution of caries in the high-income countries has led to the emergence of targeted prevention programs toward those considered to be at high risk. In public health programs, targeting at the individual level is not practical: the risk assessment methods are not yet sufficiently precise, and even when individuals are identified there are practical problems with schools and with the children themselves. (For private practice, however, high-risk child patients can be identified as those with at least one approximal lesion in permanent teeth.) For public health purposes, an argument is made for geographic targeting, i.e. identification of areas of social deprivation where whole schools or school districts can be targeted. Geographic targeting is something between individual targeting and whole-population approaches. Ideally, geographic targeting would supplement population measures like water fluoridation and dental health education. Examples of geographic targeting from Ohio and New York are presented as illustrations.     

Patterns and Interpretation of Mercury Exposure in Freshwater Avian Communities in Northeastern North America

A large data set of over 4,700 records of avian mercury (Hg) levels in northeastern North America was compiled and evaluated. As Hg emissions remain poorly regulated in the United States and Canada, atmospheric deposition patterns and associated ecological responses continue to elicit interest by landscape managers, conservation biologists, policy makers, and the general public. How avian Hg exposure is interpreted greatly influences decision-making practices. The geographic extent and size of this data set is valuable in understanding the factors that affect the exposure of Hg to birds. Featured are differences found among tissues, major aquatic habitats and geographic areas, between age class and gender, and among species. While Hg concentrations in egg and blood reflect short-term Hg exposure, Hg concentrations in liver and feather provide insight into long-term Hg exposure. Blood is a particularly important matrix for relating site-specific exposure to methylmercury (MeHg). The level of MeHg is generally 5–10x greater in adults compared to nestlings. Age also influences MeHg bioaccumulation, particularly for individuals where MeHg intake exceeds elimination. Gender is of interpretive concern when evaluating Hg exposure for species exhibiting sexual dimorphism and niche partitioning. Based on two indicator species, the belted kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) and bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), we found MeHg availability increased from marine, to estuarine and riverine systems, and was greatest in lake habitats. A large sample of >1,800 blood and egg Hg levels from the common loon (Gavia immer) facilitated a suitable comparison of geographic differences. Although some clusters of highly elevated Hg exposure (i.e., blood levels >3.0 g/g, ww and egg levels >1.3 g/g, ww) were associated with hydrological and biogeochemical factors known to increase MeHg production and availability, others were not. Geographic areas without a relationship between Hg exposure and biogeochemical processes were associated with emission or waterborne point sources. Differences in Hg exposure among species are primarily correlated with trophic position and availability of MeHg. Although piscivorous species were repeatedly shown to have some of the highest MeHg levels of the 38 species analyzed, insectivorous birds in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats (such as montane areas) were also found with elevated MeHg levels. A better understanding of the factors confounding interpretation of Hg exposure provides an effective basis for choice of indicator species and tissues according to 12 selected scenarios. This and the national need for spatiotemporal monitoring of MeHg availability require careful consideration of indicator species choice. Only then will local, regional, continental, and even global monitoring efforts be effective.     

合理选用红细胞流变性指标是诊断血液高黏滞的需要

目的：针对目前国内临床血液流变学指标检测报告单存在指标项目过多的现状,通过分析某医院现行的临床血液流变学指标检测报告单,揭示红细胞流变性检测中报告单所反映的各种存在问题,指出指标设置的不合理之处,从而提供临床血液流变学指标检测规范化建设的原则。方法：通过对现行由厂家提供的某医院的临床血液流变学指标检测报告单的分析,列举报告单中指标设置及其检测结果的各种存在问题,揭示红细胞流变性检测指标设置的混乱性。结果：通过对临床血液流变学指标检测报告单的分析,发现临床血液流变学指标检测报告单的红细胞流变性存在指标过多．指标优劣混杂、指标定义不清的混乱状况。结论：目前临床血液流变学检测报告指标设置混乱的状况．已经对临床医生准确判断血液高黏滞造成严重影响。文章提出改进的必要,并强调指出,有关专家、学者应对临床血液流变学检测报告指标设置加强研究,有关主管部门、学术机构应组织专门的研讨,有针对性地提出切实可行的临床血液流变学指标检测报告的规范化方案,尽早改变临床血液流变学指标检测的混乱状况。     

Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from cancer patients with suspected tuberculosis infection in Egypt: identification,prevalence, risk factors and resistance pattern

Data are sparse on Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among patients with cancer in Egypt. We sought to detect the presence of tuberculosis (TB) disease among patients with malignant conditions and suspected TB and to study the main risk factors. Also, we compared different diagnostic procedures and detected the antimicrobial susceptibility of M. tuberculosis isolates against rifampin and isoniazid. One hundred patients were included in this study, all of them had malignant conditions and were suspected by the clinicians of having TB. Identification of M. tuberculosis in different specimens was performed by smear microscopy, followed by Lowenstein–Jensen medium and Mycobacterium growth indicator tube (MGIT) cultures and artus^® real-time PCR. In addition, an indirect MGIT anti-TB susceptibility test was carried out against rifampin and isoniazid. A total of 76% of studied cases were found to be TB positive. The frequencies of TB-positive cases in the bronchogenic, haematological and solid tumour malignancy groups were 21%, 25% and 30%, respectively. Significant differences between pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in different malignancy groups were recorded. Real-time PCR showed the highest overall diagnostic efficiency. Multidrug-resistance of M. tuberculosis to both rifampin and isoniazid was detected in 28.6% of examined isolates. Infection in cancer patients with TB was significantly more often recorded among elderly patients and those suffering from poverty. Pulmonary TB is more common than extrapulmonary TB in patients with malignancy. Real-time PCR is the most accurate and rapid method for TB diagnosis. MGIT-rifampin resistance may be used as a reliable marker for detection of multidrug-resistant TB. Diagnosis and instituting treatment course for active or latent TB infection are crucial before starting anticancer therapy.