Electrodeless, accurate pH determination in highly basic media using a new set of (1)H NMR pH indicators

A set of indicator molecules was selected and applied to elaborate an NMR-based pH determination method, free of glass electrode errors in highly basic media. Accurate measurement of pH values and protonation constants was achieved by a successive build-up of overlapping, increasingly high pH solutions, using a collection of 8 compounds of appropriately incremented basicities. In order to verify the method, acid-base properties were quantified for two compounds with very high basicities in conflicting reports: two pharmaceutically important biguanidine drugs, metformin and phenformin.     

统分结合测量居民幸福指数

针对已有幸福指数测量方法中的两个主要缺点,借鉴幸福指数单测法的合理成分,由幸福分数构成幸福指数的综合指标。依据马斯洛需要层次理论,由生存需要满足层次的幸福指数、安全需要满足层次的幸福指数、社交需要满足层次的幸福指数、尊重需要满足层次的幸福指数和自我实现需要满足层次的幸福指数这样五个一级指标以及23个二级指标构成幸福指数的分指标。居民幸福指数统分结合测量具有独特的优势和功能。     

A study of tubercular lymphadenitis: a comparison of various laboratory diagnostic modalities with a special reference to tubercular polymerase chain reaction

Objective: The purpose of our study was to compare various laboratory diagnostic methods, namely histopathological examination, Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain, AFB culture by conventional Lowenstein–Jensen (LJ) method and fluorescence-based mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT) technique and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in clinically suspected cases of tubercular lymphadenitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 65 lymph nodes biopsied from patients clinically suspected of having tubercular lymph nodes were included. Specimens were processed for AFB culture after NaOH-NALC concentration and inoculation on LJ medium and using the MGIT system. PCR was performed on all specimens using a commercial nested PCR kit targeting IS6110 insertion element of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. All lymph node specimens were subjected to histopathological examination. Results: Of the 65 lymph nodes, 37 (56.9%) were positive on MGIT culture and 45 (69.2%) were positive by PCR. Histopathology showed maximum sensitivity (96%) but with compromised specificity (78.5%). PCR showed 90.1% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The mean turnaround time for mycobacterial growth in smear negative specimens was 30 days determined by LJ and 20 days by MGIT techniques. Conclusion: PCR is a rapid and useful method for diagnosis of TB lymphadenitis and definitely increases the positive predictive value of a positive histopathology report. MGIT is better than LJ culture as regards time to positivity and higher yield.     

癔症急性发作160例临床分析

目的探讨癔症急性发作患者的临床表现与血生化离子改变的内在关系,为急诊处理提供依据。方法观察符合癔症诊断标准的160例急性发作的患者的临床症状,行血生化离子测定,早期予镇静、补充电解质治疗,并对临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果癔症急性发作患者以转换性躯体障碍症状为主;有近半患者有不同程度血钾下降、血磷下降、血糖升高,有20％～30％患者有不同程度的二氧化碳分压、尿素氮、肌酐下降;羟治疗后92．5％患者症状在150min内缓解。结论生化离子的改变反映癔症急性发作的程度及持续时间,早期应用镇静药物及补充水电解质治疗效果良好。     

我院900例门诊患者合理用药国际指标调研及分析

目的:为制定合理用药的干预措施提供参考。方法:根据世界卫生组织/基本药物行动计划/合理用药国际网络联合制定的国际指标及我国的《处方管理办法》,对我院900例门诊患者的处方指标和患者关怀指标进行调研,并采用Microsoft Excel电子表格统计分析。结果:900例患者处方平均用药品种数为2.8种,通用名使用率为100.00%,抗生素使用率为25.00%,注射剂使用率为11.45%,基本药物使用率为81.57%,平均就诊时间为14.6min,实际调配药物率为94.92%,患者了解用药率为90.80%,平均就诊药费为140.17元,药品标识完整百分率为15.17%,患者知道阅读药品说明书的百分率为72.03%。结论:我院处方情况基本达到国际指标,但离发达国家的合理用药水平还有一定差距。     

广州地区部分二甲医院门诊合理用药国际指标调研

目的：对广州地区部分二甲医院门诊合理用药国际指标进行现场调研,了解该地区二甲医院门诊合理用药状况,为医院管理者在提高医疗质量的决策方面提供参考。方法：应用WHO/DAP/INRUD制定的《How to Investigate Drug Usein Health Facilities》,对医院A、B、C3所二甲医院2008年4～6月份各100位门诊患者的处方指标和患者关怀指标进行现场调研,并对其数据进行统计分析。结果：平均用药品种数2.85种,通用名使用率53.6%,抗生素使用率32.5%,针剂使用率9.03%,基本药物使用率62.4%;平均就诊时间11.32min,平均调配时间2.16min,实际调配药物率98.35%,患者了解正确用药率62.35%;平均就诊药费为87.57元。结论：采用《How to Investigate Drug Usein Health Facilities》对医院门诊合理用药状况的调研具有可操作性和有效性。这3所医院用药基本合理,但医患间交流需进一步加强。     

水环境中病毒检测方法的研究进展

水环境中存在130多种威胁人类健康的血清型病毒。水体中病毒浓度低,检测方法繁杂,更增加了水环境中病毒检测的难度。发展和提高水环境中病毒检测技术刻不容缓。水环境中病毒的检测可通过两个途径,一是直接检测水环境中的病毒,二是寻找水环境中病毒的指示物反映病毒的污染情况。对某种病毒的检测不能代表水环境中所有的病毒,选用病毒指示物是一个比较好的方向。但是由于对病毒指示物,尤其是噬菌体,目前的研究还不能肯定其作为病毒指示物的效果,因此还有待更进一步的研究。     

Practical application of the vanishing tetrad test for causal indicator measurement models: An example from health‐related quality of life

Researchers are often faced with the task of trying to measure abstract concepts. The most common approach is to use multiple indicators that reflect an underlying latent variable. However, this ‘effect indicator’ measurement model is not always appropriate; sometimes the indicators instead cause the construct of interest. While the notion of ‘causal indicators’ has been known for some time, it is still too often ignored. However, there are limited means to determine whether a possible indicator should be treated as a cause or an effect of the latent construct of interest. Perhaps the best empirical way is to use the vanishing tetrad test (VTT), yet this method is still often overlooked. We speculate that one reason for this is the lack of published examples of its use in practice, written for an audience without extensive statistical training. The goal of this paper was to help fill this gap in the literature—to provide a basic example of how to use the VTT. We illustrated the VTT by looking at multiple items from a health related quality of life instrument that seem more likely to cause the latent variable rather than the other way around. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.