Long-term Cancer-specific Outcomes of TaG1 Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder

Background

Few studies have investigated the natural history of TaG1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB).

Objective

To assess the long-term outcomes of patients with TaG1 UCB and the impact of immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy (IPIC).

Design, setting, and participants

A retrospective analysis of 1447 patients with TaG1 UCB treated between 1996 and 2007 at eight centers. Median follow-up was 67.2 mo (interquartile range: 67.9). Patients were stratified into three European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines risk categories; high-risk patients (n = 11) were excluded.

Intervention

Transurethral resection of the bladder with or without IPIC.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models addressed factors associated with disease recurrence, disease progression, death of disease, and any-cause death.

Results and limitations

Of the 1436 patients, 601 (41.9%) and 835 (58.1%) were assigned to low- and intermediate-risk categories, respectively. The actuarial estimate of 5-yr recurrence-free survival was 56% (standard error: ±1). Advancing age (p = 0.04), tumor >3 cm (p = 0.001), multiple tumors (p < 0.001), and recurrent tumors (p < 0.001) were independently associated with increased risk of disease recurrence, whereas IPIC was associated with decreased risk (p = 0.001). The actuarial estimate of 5-yr progression-free survival was 95% ± 1. Advancing age (p < 0.001) and multiple tumors (p = 0.01) were independent risk factors for disease progression. Five-year cancer-specific survival was 98% ± 1. Advancing age (p = 0.001) and previous recurrence (p = 0.04) were associated with increased risk, whereas female gender (p = 0.02) was associated with decreased risk of cancer-specific mortality. Compared with low-risk patients, intermediate-risk patients were at significantly higher risk of disease recurrence, disease progression, and cancer-specific mortality (all p < 0.01). Limitations include the retrospective design of the study and the lack of a central pathology review.

Conclusions

TaG1 UCB patients experience heterogeneous risks of disease recurrence. We validated the EAU guidelines risk stratification in TaG1 UCB patients. IPIC was associated with a reduced risk of disease recurrence in patients with low- and intermediate-risk TaG1 UCB.     

侧脑室与腰大池联合置管引流治疗脑室内铸型血肿临床疗效分析

目的：对比分析侧脑室与腰大池联合置管引流与单纯侧脑室置管引流治疗脑室内铸型血肿的疗效。方法回顾性对比分析本科2008年7月~2013年6月期间收治的75例脑室内铸型血肿患者临床资料,随机分为两组, A组（治疗组）39例,行侧脑室与腰大池联合置管引流术;B组（对照组）36例,单纯行侧脑室置管引流术。两组术后均常规予尿激酶定时脑室灌注,血肿引流超过95%以上拔管,引流管留置7 d以上患者均予抗生素定时脑室冲洗预防感染。使用SPSS11.0软件进行统计学处理。结果 A组患者有效率82.05%,血肿清除时间5~11 d,平均7.2 d;B组患者有效率69.44%,血肿清除时间6~14 d,平均10.8 d。两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。术后颅内感染率、脑积水发生率A组均低于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论侧脑室与腰大池联合置管引流治疗脑室内铸型血肿效果优于单纯侧脑室置管引流,并可以减少颅内感染及脑积水并发症的风险。     

Predictors of severe pain in the immediate postoperative period in elderly patients following hip fracture surgery

Introduction

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for severe postoperative pain immediately after hip-fracture surgery.

Patients and methods

Three hundred forty-four elderly patients with an acute hip fracture were admitted to the hospital during a 12-months period. All patients who entered the study answered a structured questionnaire to assess demographic characteristics, previous diseases, drug use, previous surgery, and level of education. Physical status was assessed through the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ preoperative risk classification, cognitive status using the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, and depression using the Geriatric Depression Scale. The presence of preoperative delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method was assessed during day and night shifts until surgery. Pain was measured using a numeric rating scale (NRS). An NRS ≥7 one hour after surgery indicated severe pain.

Results

Patients with elementary-level education (8 yr in school) presented a higher risk for immediate severe postoperative pain than university-educated patients (>12 yr in school) (P < 0.05). Higher cognitive function was associated with higher postoperative pain (P < 0.01). Patients with symptoms of depression and patients with preoperative delirium presented a higher risk for severe pain (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that depression and a low level of education were independent predictors of severe pain immediately after surgery.

Conclusion

Depression and lower levels of education were independent predictors of immediate severe pain following hip-fracture surgery. These predictors could be clinically used to stratify analgesic risk in elderly patients for more aggressive pain treatment immediately after surgery.     

改良复合树脂联合根管钉法修复中重度磨牙缺损的疗效观察

目的:观察改良复合树脂联合根管钉法修复中重度磨牙缺损的临床疗效。方法:收集中重度缺损的磨牙120颗,60颗采用铸造金属桩核冠修复,60颗采用改良复合树脂联合根管钉法修复,修复完成后1年进行回访观察。结果:改良复合树脂联合根管钉修复组成功率为96.6%,铸造金属桩核冠组成功率为98.3%,两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:改良复合树脂联合根管钉法用于修复中重度缺损磨牙效果良好,具有费用低,疗程短的优点。但由于本研究观察期较短,远期效果有待进一步观察。     

后牙区即刻种植与延期种植后牙槽骨吸收的影像学比较分析

目的:利用X线片观察并测量后牙区即刻种植术后的牙槽骨改变,比较即刻种植与延期种植术后牙槽骨吸收的程度。方法:对我院2014—2016年间后牙区94例即刻种植义齿和168例延期种植义齿进行术后6个月及1年随访,患者种植术后即刻、术后6个月和术后1年复查时均采用平行投照技术拍摄X线片,利用测量软件测量种植体近中及远中牙槽嵴顶端与种植体颈部之间的垂直距离。采用SPSS 19.0软件包进行配对t检验,分析即刻、术后6个月以及1年时种植体近远中牙槽骨的吸收变化。结果:无论即刻种植还是延期种植组,所有植体都获得了良好的骨结合。在种植体植入后,近远中的牙槽骨均有不同程度吸收。术后6个月复查时,即刻种植组牙槽骨近远中平均吸收0.25 mm,延期种植组牙槽骨近远中平均吸收0.43 mm,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。术后1年复查时,即刻种植组牙槽骨近远中平均吸收0.57 mm,延期种植组牙槽骨近远中平均吸收1.10 mm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:后牙区即刻种植和延期种植术后,植体均可获得良好的骨结合;术后近远中方向牙槽骨均发生明显吸收,且术后1年时即刻种植组牙槽骨吸收程度轻于延迟种植组。     

Exothermic properties of plaster–synthetic composite casts

Purpose

Plaster casts can cause burns. Synthetic casts do not. Composite plaster–synthetic casts have not been thoroughly evaluated. This study analyzed the temperature from plaster casts compared with composite casts in a variety of in vitro conditions that would simulate clinical practice.

Methods

A Pyrex cylinder filled with constant body temperature circulating water simulated a human extremity. Circumferential casts, of either plaster or composite construction (plaster inner layer with outer synthetic layer), were applied to the model. Peak temperatures generated by the exothermic reactions were studied relative to the following variables: dip water temperature (24 °C versus 40 °C), cast thickness (16, 30, and 34 ply), and delayed (5-min) versus immediate application of the synthetic outer layers. Peak temperatures from the all-plaster casts were compared with the composite casts of the same thickness. Finally, the relative cast strength was determined.

Results

Potentially dangerous high temperatures were measured only when 40 °C dip water was used or when thick (30- or 34-ply) casts were made. Cast strength increased with increasing cast thickness. However, the presence of synthetics in the composite casts layers did not increase cast strength in every case.

Conclusion

When applying composite casts, the outer synthetic layers should be applied several minutes after the plaster to minimize temperature rise. Composite casts do not routinely generate peak temperatures higher than plaster casts of similar thickness. Because the skin of children and the elderly is more temperature-sensitive than average adult skin, extra care should be taken to limit the exothermic reaction when casting children and the elderly: clean, room temperature dip water, minimal required cast thickness, avoidance of insulating pillows/blankets while the cast is drying.     

Obstructive putty-like cast of the biliary tree

A 62-year-old woman was presented at the emergency department with cholangiosepsis. She had a history of liver metastases for which she had a left hemihepatectomy and loco regional recurrence at the liver hilum for which she received chemoradiation therapy MR-imaging of the liver showed multiple intrahepatic fluid collections/abscesses, together with significantly dilated intrahepatic bile ducts. For her significant hepatic function impairment she received antibiotic treatment and percutaneous drainage. The differential diagnosis was local tumor recurrence or post radiation fibrosis causing outflow obstruction centrally in the liver hilum. During the admission the serum bilirubin values kept rising. During surgery surgeons decided to perform a hepatotomy and connect a loop of the jejunum directly on the liver parenchyma, in order to allow better drainage. Intra operatively, after the hepatotomy, we encountered green-brownisch putty-like material. By traction a ‘cast’ of a large part of the biliary tree was removed.     

Acute kidney injury due to tubular intraluminal monoclonal light chain crystals mimicking acute pyelonephritis

Tubular intraluminal inflammatory cells may be seen in kidney biopsies of patients with pyelonephritis, cell-mediated transplant rejection, autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis, allergic reactions, or in association with monoclonal light chain casts. When casts in a native kidney are primarily composed of granulocytes, the cause is most commonly acute pyelonephritis due to an ascending bacterial urinary tract infection. We report a 57-year-old man with acute kidney injury and an intense intraluminal neutrophil response to monoclonal lambda light chain crystal containing casts.