Rotavirus diarrhoea hospitalizations among children under 5 years of age in Nigeria, 2011–2016

BackgroundThe high burden of rotavirus acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is well documented among children under 5 years of age, with the majority of mortality occurring in developing countries. Nigeria ranked second worldwide in the number of rotavirus deaths in 2013. As Nigeria plans to introduce rotavirus vaccine soon, a pre-vaccine documentation of rotavirus disease burden is necessary to determine vaccine impact.MethodsRoutine rotavirus surveillance was conducted during 2011–2016 in 3 sentinel sites in Nigeria using the standard WHO protocol. Children under 5 years of age hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis were enrolled and demographic, clinical and outcome data were collected. A stool sample was subsequently obtained and tested for human rotavirus antigen using the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results2694 children with acute gastroenteritis were enrolled during January 2011 to December 2016; of these, 1242 (46%) tested positive for rotavirus. Among the rotavirus positive cases, 66% and 94% were younger than 12 months and 24 months respectively. Marked peaks in rotavirus positivity were seen in January of each year. Vomiting, and use of oral and intravenous fluids occurred more often in rotavirus positive cases as compared to rotavirus negative cases.ConclusionThe high prevalence of rotavirus disease highlights the need for urgent introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Nigeria. Additionally, this study provides pre-vaccine introduction disease-burden data that will serve as a baseline for rotavirus vaccine impact-assessment once vaccine has been introduced in the national immunization program.     

Impact of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against severe rotavirus diarrhoea in The Gambia

IntroductionRotavirus vaccines protect against the leading cause of severe childhood diarrhoea, and have been introduced in many low-income African countries. The Gambia introducedRotateq® (RV5) into their national immunization program in 2013. We revieweddata from an active rotavirus sentinel surveillancesitefor early evidence of vaccine impact.MethodsWe compared rotavirus prevalence in diarrhoeal stool in children< 5 years of age admittedat the Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital sentinel surveillance site before (2013) andafterRV5 introduction (2015–2016) in the Gambia. The rotavirus-percent positive was separately compared for all diarrhoealhospitalizations and for hospitalizations with severe symptoms. Rotavirus prevalence was compared annually for the pre-vaccine year of 2013 with post-vaccine years of 2015 and 2016 using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests and the p-value to establish significant relationship was set at p < 0.05. All analyses were completed in SAS 9.3 (SAS Analytics, North Carolina).ResultsRotavirus prevalence among all diarrhoeahospitalizations decreased from 22% in 2013 to 11% in 2015 (p = 0.04), while remaining unchanged in 2016 (18%, p = 0.56). For hospitalizations that were clinically severe and/or treated with intravenous fluids (mean of 46 per year), the rotavirus prevalence decreased from 33% in 2013 to 8% in 2015 (p = 0.04), and to 15% in 2016 (p = 0.08). The children with age <1 year accounted for 45% the population infected with rotavirus in both pre and post rotavirus vaccination periods.ConclusionsRotavirus vaccine introduction in the Gambia could be among factors resulting in decreased diarrhea hospitalizations among children at the Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, particularly those with severe disease. These results support the continuation of rotavirus vaccine and additional monitoring of rotavirus hospitalization trends in the country.     

低位小切口与传统甲状腺手术治疗甲状腺良性结节的临床疗效对比研究

目的对比低位小切口与传统甲状腺手术治疗甲状腺良性结节的临床疗效。方法86例甲状腺良性结节患者为研究对象,依据随机抽签法分为观察组与对照组,各43例。对照组采用传统甲状腺手术治疗,观察组采用低位小切口手术治疗。对比两组临床指标、术后并发症发生情况及手术效果。结果观察组手术时间、住院时间、切口长度分别为(42.2±6.7)min、(3.2±0.5)d、(3.4±0.7)cm,均短于对照组的(60.1±4.7)min、(5.9±1.9)d、(5.7±1.3)cm,术中出血量(8.1±2.3)ml少于对照组的(36.2±6.1)ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组术后并发症发生率11.63%低于对照组的34.88%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组手术治疗总有效率对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与传统甲状腺手术相比低位小切口手术治疗甲状腺良性结节的安全性及美观度更高,相比传统甲状腺手术治疗的效果更加显著,对于无手术禁忌的患者来说,可首选低位小切口手术治疗。     

2015—2019年江西省出血性脑卒中流行特征及住院费用分析

背景 我国尚缺乏大样本的出血性脑卒中流行病学调查,江西省脑血管病流行形势严峻。 目的 分析江西省出血性脑卒中住院患者流行特征及住院费用情况,为出血性脑卒中防控提供科学依据。 方法 通过江西省卫生健康委员会信息中心疾病诊断相关分组（DRGs）管理系统,获取江西省2015—2019年出院主诊断为I60~I61〔依据国际疾病分类第10版（ICD-10）标准〕的出血性脑卒中的患者信息,对其流行特征及住院费用进行分析。 结果 2015—2019年江西省出血性脑卒中住院患者总计128 788例,其中脑出血115 254例（89.49%）,蛛网膜下腔出血13 534例（10.51%）。2015—2019年江西省出血性脑卒中患者总住院率由64.36/10万升高至86.05/10万,呈上升趋势（χ2趋势=1 144.969,P<0.001）;脑出血总住院率由58.96/10万升高至75.22/10万,呈上升趋势（χ2趋势=727.089,P<0.001）;蛛网膜下腔出血总住院率由5.41/10万升高至10.83/10万,呈上升趋势（χ2趋势=659.513,P<0.001）。出血性脑卒中患者共病及并发症前5顺位排序为高血压、肺部感染、脑梗死、其他脑血管病、糖尿病。2015—2019年,江西省出血性脑卒中住院患者中位住院时长为14（14）d;患者住院总费用由14 300.61元升高至15 982.47元,不同年份住院患者住院总费用比较,差异有统计学意义（H=834.590,P<0.001）。2017—2019年,药费在住院总费中占比最大,近3年均达35%以上,但3年间比较,差异无统计学意义（H=3.323,P=0.190）。 结论 2015—2019年江西省出血性脑卒中及其亚型患者住院率持续增长,高血压、肺部感染为较常见的共病,住院费用负担仍较重,预防并发症、降低药费可能有助于减轻出血性脑卒中患者的经济负担。     

护理干预对住院乙型肝炎患者焦虑、抑郁情况的影响分析

目的探讨护理干预对住院乙型肝炎患者焦虑、抑郁情况的影响。方法选择乙型肝炎住院患者74例,平均分为研究组与对照组。两组患者均给予常规护理,研究组在此基础上,给予针对性的心理护理干预。结果通过针对性护理干预后,两组患者焦虑、抑郁评分明显优于干预前(P<0.05);研究组患者焦虑、抑郁评分明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论乙型肝炎患者在常规护理的基础上给予针对性心理护理干预可以有效改善焦虑、抑郁情况,保障患者的治疗质量。     

Validación de las escalas de APACHE II y SOFA en 2 cohortes de pacientes con sospecha de infección y sepsis,no ingresados en unidades de cuidados críticos

ObjectiveTo validate the APACHE II and SOFA scores in patients with suspected infection in clinical settings other than intensive care units.Materials and methodsA secondary analysis was performed on 2,530 adult patients participating in 2 cohort studies, with suspected infection as admission diagnosis within the first 24 h of hospitalization. The performance of both scoring systems was studied in order to set calibration and discrimination, respectively, on the outcomes such as mortality, admission to Intensive Care Unit, development of septic shock, or multiple organ dysfunctions.ResultsThe AUC-ROC values for mortality at discharge and on day 28 in the first cohort were around 0.50 for the SOFA and APACHE II scores; whereas for the second cohort the discrimination value was around 0.70. Calibration of both scoring systems for primary outcomes, according to Hosmer-Lemeshow test, showed p > .05 in the first cohort; while in the second cohort calibration it only showed a p > .05 in the case of the SOFA for mortality at hospital discharge.ConclusionThis validation study of SOFA and APACHE II scores in patients with suspected infection in-hospital units other than the Intensive Care Unit, showed no consistent performance for calibration and discrimination. Its application in emergency and in-hospital patients is limited.     

非外伤性神经外科住院患者院前抗生素的使用情况分析

目的 探讨非外伤性神经外科住院患者院前抗生素的使用情况.方法 对神经外科非外伤性住院患者院前1周至入院前使用抗生素情况进行调查、分析.结果 907例非外伤性住院患者中,332例院前使用抗生素,占36.6％.84例使用2种及2种以上的抗生素,占25.3％.院前抗生素的使用以β-内酰胺类最多占69.0％,不规范使用抗生素有164例（49.4％）.结论 神经外科作为非高感染率病变科室,院前使用抗生素达36.6％,提示院前抗生素滥用现象非常严重,需加强全社会的教育及采取相应措施杜绝滥用抗生素.     

Infection in systemic lupus erythematosus patients

BackgroundInfection is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality and hospital admission in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.Aim of the workTo study infection in SLE patients regarding site of infection, pathogenic organism, hospitalization and/or intensive care unit (ICU) admission.Patients and methodsThis study included 79 patients. SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI-2K) and damage index were evaluated. Detailed information about the site of infection and pathogens were reported.Results71 females and 8 male patients (F:M 8.9:1), with a mean age of 29 ± 9.6 years (17–55 years) and disease duration of 5.9 ± 5.7 years, 55 (69.6%) patients had infection at time of study while 24 (30.4%) did not. The SLEDAI-2 k and damage index were significantly higher in SLE patients with infection (14.2 ± 11.8 and 3.7 ± 3.7) compared to those without infection (5.9 ± 5.03 and 1.8 ± 1.3) (p = 0.03 and p = 0.045 respectively). Those with infection had a shorter disease duration (4.9 ± 5.2 vs 8.3 ± 6.2; p = 0.005), received more cyclophosphamide (56.4% vs 16.7%; p = 0.001), higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (75.5 ± 27.1 vs 35.8 ± 24.7 mm/1^sthr) (p < 0.0001) and consumed complement (C3) (71.1 ± 28.4 vs 97.2 ± 28.2; p < 0.0001). 17/55 (30.9%) had more than one site of infection and 46/55 (83.6%) required hospital admission. 17 (30.9%) of hospitalized patients were transferred to the ICU. The main pathogenic organisms were bacterial (40%), fungal (27.3%), viral (10.9%) and unconfirmed in 21.8%. Chest was the commonest site (40%) followed by the skin (34.4%), oropharynx (25.5%) and urinary tract (20%).ConclusionInfection is an important cause of hospital and ICU admission in SLE patients. Early disease, disease activity and damage, cyclophosphamide, ESR and consumed C3 were associated with infection in SLE.     

Immunization status and hospitalization for vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable infections in liver-transplanted children

BACKGROUND Infections and associated morbidity and mortality may be more frequent in children who have undergone liver transplant than in healthy children.Immunization strategies to prevent vaccine-preventable infections(VPIs) can effectively minimize this infection burden.However,data on age-appropriate immunization and VPIs in children after liver transplant in Asia are limited.AIM To evaluate the immunization status,VPIs and non-VPIs requiring hospitalization in children who have undergone a liver transplant.METHODS The medical records of children who had a liver transplant between 2004 and 2018 at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital(Bangkok,Thailand) were retrospectively reviewed.Immunization status was evaluated via their vaccination books.Hospitalization for infections that occurred up to 5 years after liver transplantation were evaluated,and divided into VPIs and non-VPIs.Hospitalizations for cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus were excluded.Severity of infection,length of hospital stay,ventilator support,intensive care unit requirement,and mortality were assessed.RESULTS Seventy-seven children with a mean age of 3.29±4.17 years were included in the study,of whom 41(53.2 %) were female.The mean follow-up duration was 3.68±1.45 years.Fortyeight children(62.3%) had vaccination records.There was a significant difference in the proportion of children with incomplete vaccination according to Thailand's Expanded Program on Immunization(52.0%) and accelerated vaccine from Infectious Diseases Society of America(89.5%)(P 0.001).Post-liver transplant,47.9% of the children did not catch up with ageappropriate immunizations.There were 237 infections requiring hospitalization during the 5 years of follow-up.There were no significant differences in hospitalization for VPIs or non-VPIs in children with complete and incomplete immunizations.The risk of serious infection was high in the first year after receiving a liver transplant,and two children died.Respiratory and gastrointestinal systems were common sites of infection.The most common pathogens that caused VPIs were rotavirus,influenza virus,and varicella-zoster virus.CONCLUSION Incomplete immunization was common pre-and post-transplant,and nearly all children required hospitalization for non-VPIs or VPIs within 5 years posttransplant.Infection severity was high in the first year post-transplant.     

扁桃体切除术患者住院费用影响因素分析

目的 研究扁桃体切除术患者住院费用影响因素,探讨降低医疗费用的方法.方法 回顾性分析164例扁桃体切除术住院患者病案,对住院费用构成、变化及影响因素等进行分析.结果 影响住院费用的主要因素为：麻醉方法、合并非常规检查、年龄、传统剥离术联合电凝止血、电刀切除术、多个诊断、手术时间、术后住院天数、术前住院天数、传统剥离术等.结论 控制扁桃体手术住院费用的可能措施有：控制药品和材料费用,加强临床用药和麻醉用药管理,降低全麻费用,缩短手术时间,适当增加门诊检查报销比例,减少住院天数尤其是术前住院天数等.