小型颅内动脉瘤的临床特点及血管内栓塞治疗

目的总结小型颅内动脉瘤的临床特点以及血管内栓塞的技术要点与疗效。方法对45例小型颅内动脉瘤患者采用电解可脱性弹簧圈(GDC)或Trufill DCS Orbit微型三维填塞型水解铂金弹簧圈进行动脉瘤囊内栓塞。结果45个动脉瘤中41个瘤腔100%闭塞,3个95%闭塞,1个90%闭塞。术后44例临床痊愈,其治疗结果根据Glasgow预后评分:Ⅰ级29例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级1例,Ⅴ级1例;全组死亡率2.2%。栓塞术中并发脑血管痉挛6例。术后随访3-69个月均无再出血及复发。结论对小型颅内动脉瘤采用GDC或Truffill DCS Orbit微型三维填塞型水解铂金弹簧圈进行血管内囊内栓塞疗效可靠;根据小型颅内动脉瘤的临床特点进行栓塞是提高治愈率、降低并发症及死亡率的重要方法。     

Testing for familial aggregation of functional traits

In a genetic epidemiology study of a trait, prior to collecting genotype data the foremost task is to test for familial aggregation and examine heritability. Recently, functional traits have drawn attentions from investigators. Here, to test for familial aggregation of a functional trait in the family studies, a test constructed based on the leading functional principal component of heritability, which is a summary measure of temporal genetic variation in a functional trait, is proposed. The p‐value of the test can be approximated by a permutation procedure given the family structure. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistic is derived. Simulations are carried out to examine the size and the power of the test. The proposed methods are applied to the total cholesterol data in the Framingham Heart Study. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

64层螺旋CT血管成像技术对主动脉夹层动脉瘤的诊断价值

目的:评价64层螺旋CT对主动脉夹层的价值及优势。方法:本组增强扫描对比剂为Omnipaque,浓度为350mgI/ml,剂量为100ml。注射速率为4ml/s,扫描延迟时间为25~30s。将扫描原始数据重建成0.625mm的横断面图像,然后传送至AW4.2高级图像处理工作站,分别进行VR、MPR、MIP重建。结果:①11例患者的血管成像扫描时间为7~10s;②De BackeyⅠ型主动脉夹层3例,De BackeyⅢ型8例;③11例患者在VR、MPR重建图像上均清晰显示出升主动脉、主动脉弓、降主动脉、腹主动脉、双侧髂总动脉、双侧髂内外动脉以及腹腔动脉干、肠系膜上动脉、双侧肾动脉主要分支的血管,图像清晰,血管对比明显,血管边缘无阶梯状改变;④11例患者均能清晰显示主动脉夹层的开口、范围及内膜瓣的情况;⑤3例肠系膜上动脉有不同程度的狭窄;2例患者肠系膜上动脉有夹层表现;5例患者一侧肾动脉有不同程度的狭窄,其中1例伴明显肾血供障碍;⑥11例患者均可以清晰显示真、假腔,4例患者假腔内有不同程度的血栓形成;⑦1例主动脉夹层患者经内支架置入术后,支架膨胀良好,其位置大小形态良好,原内膜破口被封闭,无渗漏现象,假腔内完全血栓形成。结论:64层螺旋CT血管成像技术可以在无创或微创的情况下清晰地显示主动脉夹层及主要分支血管的改变,为临床的诊断和治疗提供有价值的依据。     

Comparative early and midterm results of open juxtarenal and infrarenal aneurysm repair

Background and aims Since the introduction of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) for aortic aneurysms, the number of juxtarenal aortic aneurysms (JRA) has been growing steadily due to selection bias (neck morphology for EVAR). This case-match study compares the perioperative outcome and midterm results of suprarenally clamped JRA with infrarenal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Methods From 1997 to 2004, patients who received open surgery with suprarenal clamping for JRA were included in the study and compared to matched patients with infrarenal clamping (AAA). Measurements analyzed were the in-hospital mortality and morbidity. Midterm results were obtained through clinical investigation and magnetic resonance angiography imaging. Results Thirty-five patients (mean age, 68.4 years; 30 male and 5 female) received suprarenal cross-clamping for JRA. The overall in-hospital mortality for JRA and for the controls (AAA) with elective aortic repair was 4.5% (6.1% JRA; 3% AAA, p = 0.058). The morbidity of JRA was elevated according to the rate of pulmonary complications (p = 0.021) and the need for re-operation (p = 0.019). The mean follow-up time was 2.3 years (range, 8–96 months). At follow-up, 28 patients (80%) from the JRA group and 29 patients from the AAA group (82.9%) were alive. Conclusion Open aortic surgery for JRA with the need for suprarenal cross-clamping shows a slightly elevated in-hospital mortality rate without statistical significance and equal midterm mortality results in comparison with infrarenally clamped aortic aneurysms.     

Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair and colonic infarction: a risk factor appraisal

OBJECTIVE: Colonic infarction is a recognized complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery. The clinical difficulty in establishing the diagnosis combined with the patient's poor physiological status is usually associated with a fatal outcome. We assessed our experience with this problem to identify a possible risk factor profile for these patients. METHOD: Patients records were identified from the operative logs, intensive care unit, Hospital Inpatient Enquiry system and vascular unit databases over a 6-year period. RESULTS: A total of 405 patients underwent AAA repair during this period; 140 as emergency ruptures. Nine patients were identified from the databases with known colonic infarction (2.2%). One was a woman. The mean age was 70 years. Seven patients had emergency ruptures (5%). Twenty independent risk factors were analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Significant risk factors identified by using a multivariate analysis included the nature of the presenting patient, preoperative hypotension, prolonged cross-clamp time, intra-operative ischaemia and postoperative acidosis. Confirmatory diagnosis was made by colonoscopy in eight patients. One patient survived following the salvage surgery. The mean duration of survival was 10.5 days. The overall mortality was 89% of patients. CONCLUSION: In our unit infrarenal AAA repair has a 2.2% rate of colonic infarction. A definitive diagnosis is best made by colonoscopy. A risk factor profile for the development of colonic infarction may be constructed on the basis of specific clinical parameters. Earlier intervention on the basis of this profile may ultimately reduce the current excessive mortality.     

不同疗法对肌筋膜疼痛病人的自主神经功能的影响

目的：本研究的目的是观察注射疗法及复合小针刀疗法治疗肌筋膜疼痛综合征对自主神经系统功能的影响。方法：选择40例诊断明确的肌筋膜疼痛病人，随机分为两组，每组20例。Ⅰ组：采用注射疗法治疗；IS组：采用注射疗法加小针刀治疗。观察两组病人治疗前后心率变异（HRV）的频域变化，低频LF、超低频LLF、高频HF、低高频比LF／HF及心率变异指数HR-Ⅵ；用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评定治疗前后疗效并随访观察其远期疗效。结果：①HRV频域指标组内比较：LF、LLF、HF以及HRVI治疗前舆治疗后1min比较有显着性差异（P〈0．05），与5min、10min比较有非常显着性差异（P〈0．01）。LF／HF治疗前与治疗后5min、10min比较有显着性差异（P〈0．05）。组间治疗后1、5、10min，两两比较无显着性差异。②组间比较：病人治疗后临床症状、VAS评分均较治疗前降低．治疗前后IS组有非常显着性差异（P〈0．01）。两组VAS降低率有非常显着性差异（P〈0．01）。③回访病例中，两组治疗有效率比较有显着性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：注射疗法以及复合小针刀疗法均可有效改善肌筋膜疼痛病人的自主神经功能，其机制可能是通过调节、稳定自主神经系统功能达到缓解疼痛。注射疗法复合小针刀疗法的远期疗效优于单纯注射疗法。     

Atrial premature complexes and heart rate have prognostic significance in 1-month atrial fibrillation recurrence after electrical cardioversion.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of simple 24-h Holter (24H) data after electrical cardioversion (CV) for atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence. METHODS: We prospectively studied 47 consecutive patients subjected to CV, who successfully converted to sinus rhythm. All underwent echocardiography and 24H after CV. AF recurrence was studied at 14 days and 1 month by second 24H or by interim report of AF. RESULTS: About 53.2% remained in sinus rhythm (group I) and the rest recurred to AF (group II). Group I had fewer atrial premature complexes per hour (APC/h) (P = 0.002) and lower maximum (max HR), average, and minimum heart rates compared with group II (all Ps < 0.05). The optimal value of APC/h and max HR with best sensitivity and specificity was 32 APC/h and 90 bpm, respectively. These findings were the predictors of AF recurrence [hazard ratio (HR) = 4.5 with 95% CI = 1.7-11.7 and HR = 4.3 with 95% CI = 1.7-10.9, respectively]. Patients with the combination of both predictors had greater HR of AF recurrence compared with those with < 32 APC/h and max HR < 90 bpm (HR = 8.8 with 95% CI = 2.5-31.4). CONCLUSION: Patients with frequent APC/h and high max HR are at high risk for 1-month AF recurrence after electrical CV.     

Hybrid procedures as a combined endovascular and open approach for pararenal and thoracoabdominal aortic pathologies

OBJECTIVES: to report our experience with hybrid vascular procedures in patients with pararenal and thoracoabdominal aortic pathologies. METHODS: 68 patients were treated for thoracoabdominal aortic pathologies between October 1999 and February 2004; 19 patients (16 men; mean age 68, range 40-79) with high risk for open thoracoabdominal repair were considered to be candidates for combined endovascular and open repair. Aortic pathologies included five thoracoabdominal Crawford I aneurysms, one postdissection expanding aneurysm, three symptomatic plaque ruptures (Crawford IV), five combined thoracic descending and infrarenal aneurysms with a healthy visceral segment, three juxtarenal or para-anastomotic aneurysms, and two patients with simultaneous open aortic arch replacement and a rendezvous maneuver for thoracic endografting. Commercially available endografts were implanted with standardized endovascular techniques after revascularization of visceral and renal arteries. RESULTS: Technical success was 95%. One patient developed a proximal type I endoleak after chronic expanding type B dissection and currently is waiting conversion. Nine patients underwent elective, five emergency and five urgent (within 24 h) repair. 17 operations were performed simultaneously, and 2 as a staged procedure. Postoperative complications include two retroperitoneal hemorrhages, and one patient required long-term ventilation with preexisting subglottic tracheal stenosis. Thirty-day mortality was 17% (one multiple organ failure, one secondary rupture after open aortic arch repair, one myocardial infarction). Paraplegia or acute renal failure were not observed. Total survival rate was to 83% with a mean follow-up of 30 months. CONCLUSIONS: Midterm results of combined endovascular and open procedures in the thoracoabdominal aorta are encouraging in selected high risk patients. Staged interventions may reduce morbidity.     

GDC栓塞治疗47例颅内动脉瘤的疗效

目的 探讨应用电解可脱性铂金弹簧圈(GDC)栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的疗效和经验。方法 47例颅内动脉瘤患者(48个动脉瘤)，其中43例行单纯GDC栓塞术，3例宽颈动脉瘤行支架结合GDC栓塞，1例宽颈动脉瘤应用球囊瘤颈塑型GDC栓塞术．术前、术后造影对比，术后随访1～58个月。结果 47例颅内动脉瘤患者，行GDC栓塞47个，其中36个100％栓塞(76．5％)，6个90％柃塞(12．8％)，2个80％栓塞(4．3％)，1个50％栓塞(2．1％)，2个栓塞失败(4．3％)，1个多发动脉瘤未作处理，4例应用瘤颈辅助技术手术顺利，效果满意。术后随访无蛛网膜下腔出血发生。结论 GDC适合大多数颅内动脉瘤的栓塞治疗，安全可靠。     

Mutant ryanodine receptors in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia generate delayed afterdepolarizations due to increased propensity to Ca2+ waves.

AIMS: Mutations in cardiac ryanodine receptors (RyR2s) are linked to catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), characterized by risk of polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden death during exercise. Arrhythmias are caused by gain-of-function defects in RyR2, but cellular arrhythmogenesis remains elusive. METHODS AND RESULTS: We recorded endocardial monophasic action potentials (MAPs) at right ventricular septum in 15 CPVT patients with a RyR2 mutation (P2,328S, Q4,201R, and V4,653F) and in 12 control subjects both at baseline and during epinephrine infusion (0.05 microg/kg/min). At baseline 3 and during epinephrine infusion, four CPVT patients, but none of the control subjects, showed delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) occasionally coinciding with ventricular premature complexes. In order to study the underlying mechanisms, we expressed two types of mutant RyR2 (P2,328S and V4,653F) causing CPVT as well as wild-type RyR2 in HEK 293 cells. Confocal microscopy of Fluo-3 loaded cells transfected with any of the three RyR2s showed no spontaneous subcellular Ca(2+) release events at baseline. Membrane permeable cAMP analogue (Dioctanoyl-cAMP) triggered subcellular Ca(2+) release events as Ca(2+) sparks and waves. Cells expressing mutant RyR2s showed spontaneous Ca(2+) release events at lower concentrations of cAMP than cells transfected with wild-type RyR2. CONCLUSION: CPVT patients show DADs coinciding with premature action potentials in MAP recordings. Expression studies suggest that DADs are caused by increased propensity of abnormal RyR2s to generate spontaneous Ca(2+) waves in response to cAMP stimulation. Increased sensitivity of mutant RyR2s to cAMP may explain the occurrence of arrhythmias during exercise or emotional stress in CPVT.