儿童包茎的治疗进展

儿童包茎是儿童常见疾病,易引起儿童尿路感染,影响儿童阴茎发育,易发展为成人包茎或包皮过长,并与生殖器肿瘤相关。儿童包茎的治疗方法很多,本文介绍了十余种治疗方法。尽管部分儿童包茎有自愈趋势,但较早的适度的无痛的干预,可明显减少包茎的近期危害,改善儿童包茎的预后。本文认为尽早进行手法上翻及包皮口扩张是对儿童包茎适度干预的最好的方法。采用一次性的包茎矫形扩张器进行持续性扩张是儿童包茎扩张的好方法。     

How important is donor age in liver transplantation?

The age of liver donors has been increasing in the past several years because of a donor shortage. In the United States, 33% of donors are age 50 years or older, as are more than 50% in some European countries. The impact of donor age on liver transplantation(LT) has been analyzed in several studies with contradictory conclusions. Nevertheless, recent analyses of the largest databases demonstrate that having an older donor is a risk factor for graft failure. Donor age is included as a risk factor in the more relevant graft survival scores, such as the Donor Risk Index, donor age and Model for End-stage Liver Disease, Survival Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation, and the Balance of Risk. The use of old donors is related to an increased rate of biliary complications and hepatitis C virus-related graft failure. Although liver function does not seem to be significantly affected by age, the incidence of several liver diseases increases with age, and the capacity of the liver to manage or overcome liver diseases or external injuries decreases. In this paper, the importance of age in LT outcomes, the role of donor age as a risk factor, and the influence of aging on liver regeneration are reviewed.     

Role of NK,NKT cells and macrophages in liver transplantation

Liver transplantation has become the treatment of choice for acute or chronic liver disease. Because the liver acts as an innate immunity-dominant organ, there are immunological differences between the liver and other organs. The specific features of hepatic natural killer(NK), NKT and Kupffer cells and their role in the mechanism of liver transplant rejection, tolerance and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury are discussed in this review.     

角膜移植术后植片继发真菌感染的临床特征

目的探讨角膜移植术后植片继发真菌感染的原发病、发病时间、临床特征、主要致病菌及治疗方案的选择。方法回顾性系列病例研究。收集2005年10月至2016年1月间山东省眼科研究所青岛眼科医院收治的角膜移植术后植片发生真菌感染患者29例（34眼）,其中男25例（86%）,女4例（14%）。分析患者原发病、植片真菌感染与角膜移植间隔时间、发病月份、诱发因素、病灶特征、致病菌及治疗情况。数据采用配对秩和检验进行分析。结果发生角膜植片真菌感染的34眼中,25眼（74%）既往接受过穿透性角膜移植术（PKP）,9眼（26%）接受板层角膜移植术（LKP）。术前原发病大多为感染性角膜炎（24眼,70%）。植片发生真菌感染与角膜移植间隔时间为1~144个月,平均（39.5±43.0）个月,其中9眼（26%）发生于术后6个月内,3眼（9%）发生于6~12个月。植片真菌感染发生时间多在9-11月（17眼,50%）。27眼（79%）真菌培养结果阳性,致病菌主要为镰刀菌（9眼,33%）和链格孢霉菌（6眼,22%）。29眼（85%）真菌感染灶局限于角膜植片,5眼（15%）同时累及角膜植片和植床。22眼（65%）位于植片中央及旁中央区,其中15眼病灶直径＞4 mm,7眼≤4 mm;12眼（35%）位于植片周边区,病灶长径均＜4 mm。27眼选择药物联合手术治疗,4眼选择单纯药物治疗,3眼放弃治疗,自动出院。角膜移植术是最主要的手术治疗方式（16眼,59%）,其次是眼内容剜除术或眼球摘除术（6眼,22%）。结论角膜移植术后植片真菌感染多发生于秋季农忙季节。致病菌以镰刀菌和链格孢霉菌为主。角膜移植术是治疗植片继发真菌感染的主要手术方式。早期诊断并及时治疗,可最大限度地降低角膜植片真菌感染对视功能的影响。     

同期鼻腔扩容术联合改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的探讨鼻腔扩容术同期联合改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术（Han—uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,H．UPPP）治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructivesleepapneahypopneasyndrome,OSAHS）的疗效。方法多道睡眠图（polysomnography,PSG）监测及临床检查确诊的OSAHS且阻塞平面为鼻腔及腭咽腔患者132例,同期行鼻腔扩容术和H．UPPP,术后6个月～1年复查PSG监测,观察联合手术治疗的效果。结果成功随访108例患者,有效率为83．33％（90／108）,术后患者夜间平均动脉血氧饱和度、血氧饱和度低于90％的时间占总睡眠时间的百分比、最低动脉血氧饱和度、Epworth嗜睡量表4个指标均较术前有明显改善（P〈0．01）;术后发生2例鼻腔出血,1例扁桃体窝出血,7例鼻腔粘连,未发生其他并发症。结论对存在鼻腔及腭咽腔平面狭窄的OSAHS患者,同期行鼻腔扩容联合H-UPPP,安全有效,可以作为此类患者的首选手术治疗方式。     

如何在医疗建筑改扩建前期落实策划——以甘肃省妇幼保健院为例

文章以甘肃省妇幼保健院为例,从图纸策划阶段的工作内容及方法来探讨如何在医院改扩建前期阶段落实策划工作,为其他医院前期策划的研究抛砖引玉。     

公立医院规模扩张的公共经济学解释与对策

我国公立医院床位规模盲目扩张存在诸多风险与弊端。本文在分析医院规模扩张一般原因的基础上,基于尼斯卡宁模型构建了公立医院规模发展的公共经济学解释模型：医院追求的供给量是医院总成本与总收益相当时所对应的产量和规模,而不是医院边际收入等于边际成本时所对应的最佳产量和最佳规模;医院追求的规模一般为最佳规模的两倍。最后提出了遏制公立医院盲目扩张的对策和建议,包括消除公立医院管理的内部性、利用医保政策引导医院集约式经营、实现医疗机构设置规划的硬约束和合理引导医疗需求向基层流动等。     

Synthetic phosphoethanolamine has in vitro and in vivo anti-leukemia effects

Background:

We recently showed that synthetic phosphoethanolamine reduces tumour growth and inhibits lung metastasis in vivo. Here, we investigated its anti-leukaemia effects using acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) as a model.

Methods:

Cytotoxic effects of Pho-s on leukaemia cells were evaluated by MTT assay. Leukaemic cells obtained from hCG-PML-RARa transgenic mice were transplanted to NOD/SCID mice. After the animals were diagnosed as leukaemic, treatment started with Pho-s using all-trans retinoid acid or daunorubicin as positive control or and saline control. Cell morphology and immunophenotyping were used to detect the undifferentiated blast cells in the spleen, liver and bone marrow. The induction of apoptosis in vitro and in malignant leukaemic clones was evaluated.

Results:

Synthetic phosphoethanolamine is cytotoxic and induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in vitro to leukaemia cell lines. In vivo Pho-s exhibits anti-proliferative effects in APL model reducing the number of CD117⁺ and Gr-1⁺ immature myeloid cells in the BM, spleen and liver. Synthetic phosphoethanolamine impairs the expansion of malignant clones CD34⁺/CD117⁺, CD34⁺ and Gr-1⁺ in the BM. In addition, Pho-s induces apoptosis of immature cells in the spleen and liver, a notable effect.

Conclusion:

Synthetic phosphoethanolamine has anti-leukaemic effects in an APL model by inhibiting malignant clone expansion, suggesting that it is an interesting compound for leukaemia treatment.     

化疗联合亲缘HLA不全相合造血干细胞输注治疗血液系统恶性疾病

 目的　明确化疗联合亲缘HLA不全相合造血干细胞输注治疗血液系统恶性疾病的疗效及安全性。 方法　9例血液系统恶性疾病患者化疗后36 h回输亲缘HLA不全相合造血干细胞,评价其疗效、造血恢复时间及并发症。结果　9例患者包括4例急性髓系白血病、1例急性B淋巴细胞白血病、2例多发性骨髓瘤、1例霍奇金淋巴瘤、1例弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤;年龄29～67岁;共接受治疗19例（次）,每个疗程平均回输单个核细胞计数（3.12±1.29）×108／kg,CD+34 细胞计数（1.71±1.00）×106／kg;CD+3 细胞计数（2.13±0.99）×108／kg。完全缓解4例,部分缓解1例,疾病进展4例。随访2～14个月,生存4例,死亡5例。9例患者输注亲缘HLA不全相合造血干细胞过程顺利,无病例检测到供者嵌合状态,未出现移植物抗宿主病。结论　化疗联合亲缘HLA不全相合造血干细胞输注治疗血液系统恶性疾病操作简单且经济,供者来源丰富且易获得,具有良好的安全性和耐受性。     

A temporary filling material may cause cusp deflection, infractions and fractures in endodontically treated teeth

AIM: To test the hypothesis that Coltosol F might cause infractions and cusp fracture in root-filled teeth because of material expansion. METHODOLOGY: Thirty-two extracted human molar teeth were root filled and prepared with mesial-occlusal-distal (MOD) cavities with or without undercuts. The specimens were filled proximally with glass-ionomer cement and then occlusally with either Coltosol F or zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE). The tooth specimens were kept in water at 37 degrees C for a period of 20 days, and every second day the intercusp distance (ICD) of each specimen was measured in a travelling microscope, and the number of infraction lines as well as fractures were noted. RESULTS: The number of infraction lines increased in teeth filled with Coltosol F. Between day 8 and 16, seven of 16 teeth filled with Coltosol F showed fracture and exhibited a mean increase in ICD of 316 +/- 156 microm. Teeth filled with ZOE did not show an increase in number of infraction lines or in ICD, and none showed fracture. CONCLUSIONS: The hygroscopic expansion of Coltosol F in a cavity may lead to cusp deflection, infraction development and fracture. Masticatory forces will in vivo aggravate this unfavourable condition. The material is not recommended for temporary filling in root-filled teeth except for a few days.