BKV in Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Leading Cause of Renal Graft Loss in First 2 Years Post-Transplant

With the introduction of more potent immunosuppressive agents, rejection has decreased in simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplant (SPK) recipients. However, as a consequence, opportunistic infections have increased. The purpose of this report is to outline the course of SPK patients who developed polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN). A retrospective review of 146 consecutive SPK recipients from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 2002 was performed. Immunosuppression, rejection and development of PVAN were reviewed. Nine patients were identified. All received induction with either OKT3 or thymoglobulin. Immunosuppression included tacrolimus/cyclosporine, MMF/azathioprine and sirolimus/prednisone. Two patients were treated for kidney rejection prior to the diagnosis of PVAN. Time to diagnosis was an average of 359.3 days post-transplantation. Immunosuppression was decreased but five ultimately lost function. However, none developed pancreatic abnormalities as demonstrated by normal glucose and amylase. Two underwent renal retransplantation after PVAN diagnosis and both have normal kidney function. PVAN was the leading cause of renal loss in SPK patients in the first 2 years after transplantation and is a serious concern for SPK recipients. The pancreas, however, is spared from evidence of infection, and no pancreatic rejection occurred when immunosuppression was decreased.     

造血干细胞移植后慢性移植物抗宿主病相关的膜性肾病一例

目的 总结造血干细胞移植后慢性移植物抗宿主病（cGVHD）相关的膜性肾病的诊疗体会。方法 为1例急性淋巴细胞白血病患者施行HLA全相合的无关供者外周血造血干细胞移植，术后应用甲氨喋呤和他克莫司（FK506）预防GVHD。术后第19d发生急性GVHD，经甲泼尼龙治疗逆转。分别于术后182d、235d停用FK506和泼尼松，5d后患者出现cGVHD表现，肝功能异常，并伴肾病综合征的相关表现，病理诊断为膜性肾病Ⅱ期，遂给予FK506和泼尼松治疗，同时辅以利尿、降脂等措施。结果发生膜性肾病时，患者的尿蛋白＋＋＋＋，白细胞75个／μl，上皮细胞359．5个／pl，病理性管型＋，管型计数为167个／μl，24h尿蛋白定量为4．28g；肾组织活检，无肾小球硬化，肾小球体积稍大，部分血管袢受压，开放欠佳，肾小球基底膜轻微增厚，外观呈僵硬感，系膜基质轻、中度增殖；间质区部分肾小管扩张，肿胀、变性，未见明显间质纤维化和炎症细胞浸润；Masson染色可见基底膜上皮侧嗜复红物沉积；免疫荧光检查，IgG＋＋＋，C3＋＋＋，IgA＋＋，沿毛细血管袢呈颗粒状节段性分布，系膜区呈团块状分布；IgM、Clq、CA均阴性。电镜下可见肾小球基底膜上皮下沉积物，并有基膜增厚，毛细血管系膜基质轻度增生。经泼尼松和FK506治疗，2个月后尿蛋白转阴。结论 造血干细胞移植后出现肾病综合征或蛋白尿，应考虑GVHD相关膜性肾病的可能，肾穿刺活检有助于诊断，糖皮质激素和FK506治疗有效。     

上颌扩弓治疗纠正早期功能性下颌偏斜

目的:通过头颅定位后前位片(P-A)测量,探讨上颌扩弓纠正单侧后牙反牙合,改善早期功能性下颌偏斜. 方法:混合牙列或早期恒牙列,单侧后牙反牙合伴有或不伴有前牙反牙合, 下颌功能性偏斜患者16名,采用上颌Quad-Helix扩弓的方法,矫治前后头颅定位后前位片P-A测量分析,用统计软件处理数据. 结果:单侧后牙反牙合矫正后,下颌骨两侧结构不对称性有明显改善. 下颌骨两侧综合长度差亦减小(P<0.01),两侧下颌体长度差明显减小(P<0.01). 结论:混合牙列或早期恒牙列,由于单侧后牙反牙合导致的功能性下颌偏斜,采用扩大上颌牙弓,可以使下颌骨的不对称得到一定的改善,是早期纠正下颌功能性偏斜的有效手段.     

大网膜包裹人工神经移植体再血管化及神经再生的研究

目的 探讨大网膜包裹人工神经移植体的早期再血管化，以及增强移植体血供对神经再生的影响。方法 75只大耳白兔制作成左前肢正中神经2．0cm缺损，随机分成3组：A组，带蒂大网膜包裹人工神经移植体移植；B组，人工神经移植体桥接神经缺损；C组，自体神经桥接神经缺损，作为对照组。术后3、7和14d应用伊凡思蓝（evans blue bound to albumin，EBA）毛细血管造影，检测各组移植体的再血管化；术后12周通过电生理、光镜、透射电镜等检测评估神经再生的效果。结果 A、C组术后3d移植神经出现再血管化，7d和14d再血管化程度逐渐增强；B组7d出现再血管化，与A、C组比较，再血管化延迟。术后12周，A组和C组运动神经传导速度、有髓神经纤维密度、神经内纤维组织面积及面积比、髓鞘厚度、髓鞘直径等差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但均优于B组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 大网膜包裹人工神经移植体可促进移植体早期再血管化，增强移植体血供，促进神经再生。     

Supragaleal placement of tissue expander for post-burn alopecia.

Supragaleal placement of tissue expander for management of alopecia of scalp excludes tough galeal layer so that easier and faster expansion of scalp may be achieved.     

玻璃纤维表面的乙烯基单体接枝聚合

用玻璃纤维表面处理剂ＭＡＣ处理玻璃纤维后，再进行臭氧处理，使玻璃纤维的表面产生活性中心，引发苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、及丙烯酸等乙烯基单体在玻璃纤维表面上接枝聚合。接枝纤维的密度减小，对水的浸润性下降，红外光谱及扫描电镜观察证明玻璃纤维表面上接枝聚合物的存在。     

持续无痛快速扩张法及其临床应用

介绍了一种持续无痛快速注水法,即以疼痛开始为超负荷标准的满负荷扩张法。利用自行设计的注水装置,将扩张器内压始终控制在病人的疼痛阈值水平,维持注水速率和皮肤扩张速率的动态平衡。本法注水既非均速也非恒压。13例19个扩张器采用本法注水,5～20天完成。所需时间长短的差别取决于扩张器大小、部位、所扩张皮肤面积的大小及病人的敏感性。我们在详细比较和探讨了各种快速注水方法的基础上,提出了满负荷扩张法的特点和理论依据。     

Bony allografts and prosthetic replacement of the acetabular aspect of the hip

Summary 51 cases of repeat hip replacement have been reviewed, using allografts for acetabular bone loss, stages 2 and 3 (27 lyophilised and 24 deep-frozen). Mean follow-up was 4 years. Loosening was the reason for intervention; 14% of cases were septic. Massive grafts were used in 75% of cases and smaller grafts in 25% of cases. In addition a reinforcement ring was necessary in 75% of cases. Merle d'Aubigné's rating scale was used to assess results. The radiologic assessment score was that of Gross and De Lee.There was no difference between lyophilised and deep-frozen grafts. Clinical scores found 55% of excellent results; 11% were poor, the rest were good or fair. Stability was more troublesome than pain. Radiologic screening showed union between graft and host in 53% of cases but in 41% there was incomplete fusion. In the non-weight-bearing area bone lysis appeared in 14 cases out of 20. Five cases were complete failures; four of these were infected and were reoperated, the bone-graft acting as a foreign body.To date, we have no better bone replacement material than allografts. Fixation of the graft must be secure. An infected hip is not a good indication for this type of operation. Clinical results are satisfactory in more than 80% of cases, although 40% of grafts seem to be incompletely integrated.     

慢性移植物抗宿主病相关性肌炎一例

目的总结1例异基因造血干细胞移植后并发与慢性移植物抗宿主病(cGVHD)相关的多发性肌炎的诊治体会。方法1例急性淋巴细胞白血病患者在处于完全缓解状态下接受同胞间供髓异基因造血干细胞移植,移植后采用环孢素A和甲氨蝶呤预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)。结果移植后11 d,WBC＞0．5×10~9/L,移植后13 d,血小板＞20×10~9/L；27 d时,骨髓细胞染色体分析显示99%为供者型。移植后17 d,发生Ⅰ度急性皮肤型GVHD,经静脉注射地塞米松及甲氨蝶呤后,GVHD被完全控制。移植后8个月,患者发生轻度肝脏cGVHD,经他克莫司及硫唑嘌呤治疗,效果不佳,血清肝酶升高,后改为他克莫司和西罗莫司治疗,血清肝酶逐渐下降,但肌酸激酶从9 U/L上升至272 U/L,随后患者出现全身乏力,并逐渐加重,上下肢近端处活动出现障碍,肌酸激酶升至3010 U/L,股四头肌、肱二头肌的肌电图表现为肌源性损害,双侧大腿磁共振成像符合多发性肌炎表现,给予甲泼尼龙、血浆置换治疗,但无显著效果,患者突发阵发性呼吸困难,经抢救无效,患者死亡,死亡时肌酸激酶为21 010 U/L。结论多发性肌炎为cGVHD的一种较少见形式,累及重要肌组织者预后较差。     

Improved Late Graft Survival and Half-Lives in Pediatric Kidney Transplantation: A Single Center Experience

We evaluated variables associated with improved late graft survival in 290 children transplanted between 11/1/1984 and 12/31/1997, and who had > 1 year graft survival. We studied the following variables: age, gender, race, primary disease (diseases prone to recurrence, i.e. hemolytic uremic syndrome, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or oxalosis vs. others), primary vs. retransplant; donor source, acute tubular necrosis, acute rejection episodes in the first year, transplant era and discharge serum creatinine. Graft half-life was defined as the time taken for 1/2 of the grafts functioning at 1 year to fail. There were 205 living donor and 85 cadaveric transplant. The cumulative graft survival at 5 and 10 years was 88% and 75% for living donor, and 72% and 46% for cadaveric, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed a higher late graft survival to be associated with: no acute rejection episodes (risk ratio 0.16, p = 0.0001), age 2-5 years (risk ratio 0.24, p = 0.0007), living donor (risk ratio 0.46, p = 0.017), primary nonrecurrent disease (risk ratio 0.29, p = 0.001), Caucasian race (risk ratio 0.40, p = 0.006). A high half-life was seen with living donor transplant (21.3 years) and the age group 2-5 years (27.5 years). Further, living donor patients with no acute rejection episodes had the best half-life of 37.6 years, while children with hemolytic uremic syndrome, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or oxalosis had the lowest overall half-life of 5.6 years. This study finds that living donor, no acute rejection episodes, age 2-5 years, Caucasian race and having a disease not prone to recurrence are strong predictors of late graft survival. Hence, preferential use of living donor and prevention of acute rejection episodes in the first year are key variables that can improve long-term renal graft survival in children.