Clinical tests and indirect MR-arthrography in the evaluation of tears of the glenoid labrum

Purpose: Clinical and radiological evaluation of labral tears remains challenging. It has been shown that intravenous administration of contrast agents produces an MR arthrographic effect without the need for intraarticular injection. This is the first study evaluating this new technique of indirect MR arthrography in diagnosis of glenoid labrum tears. Methods: 28 patients with clinically suspected labral injuries were prospectively investigated (1.5 Tesla, flexible surface coil). A native MR exam of the shoulder (transverse and oblique-coronar orientation, T1-weighted spin-, proton density- and T2^*-weighted gradient echo sequences) and indirect MR arthrography (transverse and oblique-coronar orientation, fat-suppressed T1-weighted spin-echo sequences, intravenous injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine [0.1 mmol/kg], followed by 10–15 min of joint movement) were performed. Results were confirmed by arthroscopy and/or open surgery. Additionally sensitivity evaluation of clinical tests for investigation of labral tears were performed. Results: Indirect MR-Arthrography improved delineation of the glenoid labrum and hyaline cartilage significantly (p < 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity of indirect MR arthrography in diagnosis of labral injuries were 90 % and 89 % respectively, compared to 79 % and 67 % of the native MR exam. The reliability of the checked clinical tests is not sufficient enough to determine labral lesions (predictive value between 50 and 70 %). Conclusion: Indirect MR-arthrography is a promising non-invasive technique in the evaluation of the glenoid labrum.      

Implantation accuracy of custom-made glenoid implants for treating severe glenoid bone deficiencies with reverse shoulder arthroplasty

BackgroundCustom-made three dimensional–printed glenoid implants for reverse shoulder arthroplasty are a modern treatment option for severe glenoid bone deficiencies. The potential advantages of not only achieving primary stability but also being able to realize the preoperative plan in terms of implantation accuracy at the same time have not yet been sufficiently investigated. The purpose of this study was to quantify the implantation precision of custom-made glenoid implants.MethodsTwelve consecutive patients with severe glenoid bone defects were treated between May 2019 and August 2020 using a custom-made glenoid implant (ProMade) (LimaCorporate, San Daniele, Italy) with reverse shoulder arthroplasty at a single hospital. All patients were eligible for inclusion and could be enrolled in this institutional review board–approved study. The immediate postoperative computer tomography–evaluated position of the glenoid implant was compared with the preoperative computer-based plan, on which the manufacturing process was based. As a result of this comparison, deviation measurements in six degrees of freedom (inclination, version, mediolateral offset, anteroposterior offset, superoinferior offset, and roll rotation) emerged.ResultsThe absolute average (mean value ± standard deviation) implantation deviation related to the plan was 1.6° ± 5.4° for version, 1.9° ± 4.1° for inclination, 0.3 mm ± 3.3 mm for mediolateral offset, 0.1 mm ± 1.9 mm for anteroposterior offset, 0.0 mm ± 2.4 mm for superoinferior offset, and 1.0° ± 6.3° for roll rotation. The augment volume averaged 9.0 cm³ ± 2.6 cm³. All custom-made glenoid implants were implanted with a subjectively sufficient primary stability.ConclusionThis study gives an indication that custom-made three dimensional–printed glenoid implants can be implanted with statistically high accuracy. To evaluate the clinical benefit and radiographic stability, a longer follow-up investigation is needed.     

腋窝入路肩胛盂前缘骨折复位固定的应用解剖学及临床研究

目的探讨腋窝入路肩胛盂前缘骨折复位固定的可行性及临床疗效。方法取两具新鲜成人大体标本(4侧肩关节), 模拟经腋窝入路行肩胛盂前缘骨折切开复位内固定手术。标本置于侧卧位, 于腋后线切开, 经背阔肌前侧肌肉间隙显露肩胛骨侧方, 分离并保护腋神经、旋肱后动脉、胸背神经及旋肩胛动脉等周围重要组织。腋窝入路下术野分为上侧"四边区"及下侧"三边区", 可显露肩胛盂前下侧、肩胛颈及肩胛骨外侧缘全长。2018年4月至2020年12月采用腋窝入路肩胛盂切开复位内固定术治疗肩胛盂前缘骨折13例, 男7例、女6例;年龄(50.38±13.74)岁(范围24～67岁);右肩12例、左肩1例, 均为IdebergⅠa型骨折。采用解剖型支撑钢板固定5例、空心螺钉联合掌骨钢板固定7例、桡骨远端钢板固定1例。术后采用Constant-Murley评分、上肢功能评分(disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand, DASH)评价临床疗效。结果全部病例均获得随访, 随访时间(13.00±5.97)个月(范围6～26个月)。骨折均在6个月内愈合, 无延迟愈合及畸形愈合。术后3个月Co...     

Effect of bone loss in anterior shoulder instability

Anterior shoulder instability with bone loss can be a difficult problem to treat. It usually involves a component of either glenoid deficiency or a Hill-Sachs lesion. Recent data shows that soft tissue procedures alone are typically not adequate to provide stability to the shoulder. As such, numerous surgical procedures have been described to directly address these bony deficits. For glenoid defects, coracoid transfer and iliac crest bone block procedures are popular and effective. For humeral head defects, both remplissage and osteochondral allografts have decreased the rates of recurrent instability. Our review provides an overview of current literature addressing these treatment options and others for addressing bone loss complicating anterior glenohumeral instability.     

Anatomic Osteochondral Glenoid Reconstruction for Recurrent Glenohumeral Instability With Glenoid Deficiency Using a Distal Tibia Allograft

The treatment of glenoid bone loss in the setting of recurrent shoulder instability remains a challenge. This is because of the nonanatomic nature and resultant incongruous joint resulting from most bony augmentation procedures. We present a novel technique for the management of glenoid bone deficiency by using a fresh osteochondral distal tibial allograft. We have found that the distal tibia has excellent articular conformity to unmatched humeral heads, fits nearly anatomically on the distal two thirds of the glenoid, is composed of dense weight-bearing cortical and metaphyseal distal tibia bone, and provides for a cartilaginous surface for which the humeral head to articulate. This article describes the technique, initial results, and postoperative findings with the use of a distal tibia allograft (the lateral portion of the distal tibia) for the treatment of glenoid bone deficiency (mean loss of 30%) in a series of 3 patients.