天人相应-整体观与老年病

老年病体质特点包括脏腑失养、精血亏虚;心肝血虚、神气不足;肺脾气弱、正气内虚等。"天人相应,整体相关;因人施治,因地制宜;内外相顾,动静结合;重视情志,强调气机"中医疗法与现代医学对老年病的多学科治疗。     

用于老年基础医学研究与临床辅助诊断的神经肽Y及其受体Y1-6检测方法的初步设想

神经肽Y（NPY）作为机体内一种主要的神经递质和能量调控因子，广泛参与机体各种生理功能的调节，是维持机体内环境稳态的重要物质之一。随着对其研究的不断深入，人们发现它可通过与特定靶细胞膜上不同NPY受体Y1-6的特异性结合而启动并激活相应细胞信号传导通路，从而参与对机体生理功能和靶细胞增殖分化的调控，且NPY及其受体在体内的表达水平又可影响机体的正常生理功能、细胞代谢活动、以及这种改变所诱导或促进或参与的某些老年性疾病的发生、发展及转归，并对相关药物的防治带来明显影响。因此，对NPY及其受体含量的检测项目已成为相关老年性疾病与合并症的发病机制分析、疾病进程观察、治疗效果评价、疾病痊愈判断及预后跟踪随访的重要辅助诊断指标之一。为此，本文通过对可用于老年基础医学研究与临床辅助诊断的NPY及其受体检测的酶联免疫吸附法、放射免疫测定法、荧光免疫检测法、化学发光免疫分析法、免疫组织化学法、压电石英晶片免疫传感器法、免疫印迹法、斑点免疫层析及胶体金法、受体放射配基结合分析法、放射自显影法、液体芯片技术、微粒子酶免分析法等进行NPY及其受体检测方法的综述，并提出前瞻性设想和设计，希望这些用于检测NPY及其受体指标的方法能为未来老年医学的研究和临床应用奠定基础。     

专科-老年科联合教学查房在老年病教学中的应用

目的探讨专科-老年科联合教学查房模式在老年病教学中的应用效果与价值。方法以急性心肌梗死教学查房为例,入选2013年1月-12月在培的住院医师(42人)和研究生(24人)为研究对象,随机分组:试验组33人,由心内科与老年科医师共同主持;对照组33人,由心内科专业医师主持。查房后由教育处人员、学员、患者分别对教学查房质量进行评分,并对学员心肌梗死知识进行再次测评。结果试验组在生活方式问诊、结合老年病特点分析病情、健康管理、注重预防为主理念等方面优于对照组(t值分别为2.008,1.099,2.129,2.309,P值均<0.05);试验组对医患沟通能力、慢性病预防保健知识方面的评价较高(P值均<0.05)。教学查房后两组学员的测试成绩均有明显提高,而试验组在诊断治疗、预防及慢病管理方面的学习效果更加明显(t值分别为8.517,6.400,P值均<0.05)。结论联合查房模式能明显提高老年科医师的教学查房效果,有助于老年科医师临床能力的培养。     

Role of yoga therapy in improving digestive health and quality of sleep in an elderly population: A randomized controlled trial

IntroductionConstipation and sleep disturbances commonly affect elderly population results in compromised physical and mental health. Mind-body interventions like yoga not only address the mental and physical health but also promote healthy ageing. This study evaluates the effect of 3 months yoga intervention on the sleep and constipation related quality of life (QoL) among the elderly.Materials and methodsNinety six participants aged between 60 and 75 who did not had any history of yoga practice for past 1 year and having a zubrod score of 0–2 were randomized in to yoga (n = 48) or waitlisted control (n = 48). The yoga group received yoga interventions at a frequency of 3 sessions per week for 3 months. Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Patient Assessment of Constipation QoL (PAC-QOL) were used to assess the improvement. Intention to treat analysis method was used to include the drop-out participants.ResultsEighty one participants (Yoga = 48, waitlisted control = 33) completed the study. Wilcoxon's sign rank test has shown that the yoga group had statistically significant changes in most of the parameters in PSQI and PAC-QOL (P ≤ 0.05). Mann Whitney test revealed that yoga group has better improvement in the sleep quality and constipation related QOL (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the controls.DiscussionThe results signify yoga can ease old age related issues like constipation and insomnia. This is encouraging for inclusion of yoga as a daily practice regimen to improve the constipation and sleep related quality of life in elderly population.     

56例老年肺栓塞患者心电图特点及临床资料分析

目的：探讨老年人肺栓塞的临床特点及诊断。方法：对56例老年人肺栓塞的临床特点、心电图及诊断进行总结分析。结果：老年肺栓塞患者最常见症状为劳力性呼吸困难,有39例（69.6％）,心电图有特征性变化12例（21.4％）,56例患者行多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影,均发现肺动脉内血栓（100％）;核素肺通气灌注扫描38例,提示有肺灌注与通气显像不匹配32例（84.2％）;下肢深静脉超声发现静脉血栓26例（46.4％）。误诊情况：误诊26例（46.4％）,误诊：呼吸系统疾病14例（53.8％）,其中感染性休克8例,肺部感染6例;误诊为循环系统疾病12例（46.2％）,其中急性冠状动脉综合征5例,心力衰竭4例,心源性休克3例。结论：老年人肺栓塞最常见症状为劳力性呼吸困难,少数患者心电图有特征性变化,肺动脉造影为主要确诊手段。     

A systematic review of surveys on undergraduate teaching of Geriatrics in medical schools in the XXI century

BackgroundDue to population aging, different international organizations recommend that all medical students should receive training in geriatric knowledge and skills.MethodsA systematic review of national and international surveys on the provision of geriatric education to undergraduate medical students was done for articles published from 2000 to July 2013. The analysis included all studies on the presence and characteristics of geriatric teaching in medical schools. Eighteen surveys were identified: 13 in single countries, 3 European-wide, 1 in two countries, and 1 global.ResultsMost surveys were based on the answers of geriatricians and academic staff. Average answer rate was 83%. Forty-one percent of the countries report some geriatric contents in the curricula of their medical schools. Mean national prevalence of geriatric teaching was 81% of medical schools (range 15 to 100%, with wide differences between aged and aging countries); courses were mandatory in only 62%. The main topics taught are geriatric syndromes and geriatric assessment. Between 21% and 65% of the persons responsible for this teaching are geriatricians. An increase in the number of geriatric departments has been observed in Europe and in the USA. Human and financial resources are the main limitations to the inclusion of Geriatrics in the curricula.ConclusionGeriatric training has been evaluated mainly in North American and European countries. Geriatric contents in the medical curricula, academic structures and qualified teachers are not systematically available in most countries. In a rapidly ageing world, many physicians are not receiving formal education on geriatrics at medical schools.     

Insomnia in the elderly—A hospital-based study from North India

Background/PurposeInsomnia affects the elderly population significantly. The Indian elderly population is growing rapidly and the epidemiology of insomnia needs to be studied in detail in this group.MethodsAn observational study was carried out using a standard questionnaire on 304 male and 200 female Indian elderly patients presenting to the geriatric clinic of the Sir Sunderlal Hospital of the Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, to study the prevalence and nature of insomnia in this population. The mean age of the study group was 66.47 (±6.855) years. The distribution of insomnia in the various groups (based on sex, occupation, residence, habit-forming substance use, depression) was compared using the Chi-square test with SPSS version 16.0.ResultsInsomnia was present in 32% of the study population. A statistically significant association was found between increasing age and insomnia (p = 0.035) but no significant sex differences were appreciable (p = 0.173). Early insomnia was found to be the most common pattern of insomnia identified (39% of total affected). Most of the cases were of chronic insomnia (89.45%) and associated with some comorbidity (100%). Cardiovascular diseases were the most common comorbidity (27.3% of patients with insomnia). Further, positive and statistically significant correlation was found between insomnia and the place of living (p = 0.034), habit-forming substance use (p = 0.045) and depression (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe nature and attributes of insomnia in the Indian elderly are identified by this study. The scope for cause-finding studies is highlighted and points regarding adequate intervention are suggested.