Tumorähnliche Knochenläsionen

Zusammenfassung Tumorähnliche Knochenläsionen sind nichttumoröse Knochenveränderungen, die radiologisch wie ein Tumor imponieren—ihr biologisches Verhalten zeigt jedoch kein autonomes Wachstum. Sie kommen solitär, in seltenen Fällen auch multipel im Skelettsystem vor.In dieser Weiterbildungseinheit werden die wichtigen zystischen tumorähnlichen Knochenläsionen, wie solitäre Knochenzyste, aneurysmale Knochenzyste, intraossäres Ganglion, Epidermoidzyste und subchondrale Zysten, vorgestellt. Die MRT ist sehr sensitiv in der Detektion und Größenbestimmung dieser Läsionen, das MR-Signalverhalten kann in manchen Fällen zur spezifischen Diagnosestellung beitragen. Röntgenaufnahmen sind häufig spezifischer bei der Diagnosestellung.Dieser Beitrag beruht auf dem gleichnamigen Kapitel aus: Adler CP, Herget GW, Uhl M (2004) Radiologische Diagnostik der Knochenkrankheiten. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York     

A retrograde fluorescent-labeling study of direct relationship between the limbic (anterodorsal and anteroventral thalamic nuclei) and the visual system in the albino rat

Injecting different fluorescent tracers into the right anterodorsal (AD)/anteroventral (AV) or AD/AV and the primary visual nuclei of dorsal lateral geniculate (dLGN) or superior colliculus (SC), a direct projection from the left retina to these anterior thalamic nuclei was ascertained in the central part of ventro-nasal retinal quadrant. Single-labeled cells were of small type. No double-labeled cells were demonstrated.     

盐酸3—丙基氨甲基色满酮—4的降压作用

麻醉狗、大鼠iv盐酸3-丙基氯甲基色满酮-4(3-Propylami-nom ethy1-4 chromanone简称PAMC),麻醉家兔、大鼠十二指肠内注入PAMC,清醒肾型高血压大鼠ip或灌胃给药均有明显的降压作用。PAMC的降压作用主要与阻断α肾上腺素受体,兴奋血管的β_2受体和阻断神经节有关。     

A retrograde double-labelling study of retinal ganglion cells that project ipsilaterally to vLGN and LPN rather than dLGN and SC, in albino rat

We studied ipsilaterally projecting, double-labeled retinal ganglion cells that have bifurcating axons by retrograde fluorescent double-labeling in albino rats. Ten albino (Wistar, Japan Clea) rats of either sex, weighing 350–400 g were used. With the rats in a state of deep anesthesia, we pressure-injected 0.02 μl of 15% Evans blue (EB) into the right ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), and 4% Fluoro-gold (FG) iontophoretically into the right posterior lateral thalamic nucleus (LP). The animals were perfused with formol-saline 48–72 h later and both the brain and eyes were excised. The brain was sectioned coronally, and each retina was removed and mounted flat on a glass slide. Double-labeled cells were found in the ventral temporal crescent of the retina. In one animal the total number of ipsilaterally labeled cells was 566, and the percentages of double-labeled vLGN and LP projecting cells, single-labeled vLGN projecting cells, and single-labeled LP projecting cells were 29.8, 58.8 and 11.3, respectively.     

Inner plexiform layer of jack mackerel retina: Participation of amacrine and ganglion cells in its spatial organization

In the jack mackerel retina (Trachurus mediterraneus ponticus) the inner plexiform layer demonstrates a very high degree of differentiation and contains not less than 25 sublayers. Investigation with Golgi method revealed many varieties of neurons, which are responsible for the structural organization of the inner plexiform layer. There are 8 types of bipolar cells, 24 types of amacrine cells and 7 types of ganglion cells with layered processes. The branching levels of the processes of these neurons were determined. Several varieties of neurons are described for the first time.     

The identification and some functions of GABAergic neurons in the proximal retina of the catfish

Putative GABAergic neurons in the inner retina of the Texas channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were studied using autoradiographic, biochemical and electrophysiological techniques. A pyriform amacrine cell, ramifying predominantly in sublamina b of the inner plexiform layer, was found to accumulate exogenous GABA in the dark. GABA could be released from these cells with high K+ Ringers solution and the release was blocked by Co2+. These data suggest that a class of catfish amacrine cells are GABAergic. To substantiate this, extracellular recordings were made from ganglion cells during the superfusion of the GABA blocking agent bicuculline methochloride. This agent modified the responses of ganglion cells in a manner consistent with the notion that GABAergic amacrine cells are a major source of input to on-center ganglion cells. There also appeared to be an indirect GABAergic influence on a subclass of off-center ganglion cell.     

In Vitro Comparison of the Effects of Ethanol and Acetaldehyde on Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

Results of previous experiments designed to investigate the role of acetaldehyde, the primary metabolite of ethanol, have been contradictory. Experiments have provided evidence that supports and refutes the idea that acetaldehyde is responsible for the teratogenic effects observed in fetal alcohol syndrome. In the present study, cell culture techniques were used to examine the effects of acetaldehyde, both independently and in conjunction with ethanol. The purpose was to determine whether acetaldehyde had any effect on survival and process outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons cultured in vitro. This study revealed that acetaldehyde was as toxic to DRG survival as is ethanol, but had a lesser effect on neurite outgrowth than ethanol. Also, acetaldehyde and ethanol do not act synergistically to damage neurons in culture. The results indicate that, although acetaldehyde is probably not solely responsible for ethanol neurotoxicity, it does exhibit a secondary toxicity that could be the subject of future studies.     

Correlación entre el grosor de las capas internas de la retina y el defecto medio del campo visual en pacientes con glaucoma congénito primario

PurposeTo analyse the association between the thickness of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (cpRNFL) and the thickness of the inner macular layers with the mean deviation of the visual field (MD) in children with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG).Material and methodsA total of 41 children with PGC were included in the study. They all had a complete ophthalmological examination, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure, funduscopy, Octopus™ visual field, as well as circumpapillar and macular spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). SD-OCT with automated segmentation was used to measure the thicknesses and volumes of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (mRNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and inner plexiform layer.ResultsThe mean age was 11.2 ± 3.86 years, and the mean MD was 8.85 ± 6.76 dB. The visual field was classified as normal in 46% of the patients, and 20% of the patients had a concentrical restriction of the visual field. A positive correlation was found between between the cup-to-disc ratio and the MD, r = 0.51 (P=.004). The correlation between the MD and the cpRNFL was r = -0.63 (P<.001), and r = –0.69 (P<.001) with the GCL.ConclusionsInner macular layers thickness and cpRNFL thickness show a good correlation with the mean deviation of the visual field in children with primary congenital glaucoma.     

Case report. An unusual cause of a patient presenting with an acutely locked knee: multiple benign fat pad cysts

Benign ganglion (synovial) cysts within the knee are uncommon and especially so when located in the infrapatellar fad pad. They cause many non-specific symptoms but usually present as a swelling. We report the case of a young gentleman with multiple benign synovial cysts within the fat pad causing a locked knee, which was treated with arthroscopically assisted open excision. We can find no previous reports of isolated multiple fat pad cysts causing acute locking of the knee.