晚期糖基化终产物对C57小鼠耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞凋亡及其受体表达的影响

目的　研究晚期糖基化终产物（advanced glycation end products,AGEs）对体外培养的小鼠耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞（spiral ganglion cells,SGCs）凋亡及晚期糖基化终产物受体（receptor for advanced glycation end products,RAGE）表达的影响,探讨AGEs诱导SGCs凋亡的可能作用途径,分析神经型老年性聋的可能致病机制。方法　运用Tunel法,采用荧光显微镜观察不同浓度、不同时间AGEs对培养的SGCs凋亡的影响,同时用Real time RTPCR方法检测RAGEmRNA表达。结果　AGEs加入细胞培养中,可明显诱导SGCs凋亡,凋亡率与剂量、时间呈正相关。发生凋亡的同时有RAGEmRNA表达增强。结论  AGEs对SGCs有诱导凋亡的作用,该作用可能通过RAGE介导。AGEs促使SGCs凋亡可能是神经型老年性聋的发病机制之一。     

颈内动脉重度狭窄患者视网膜神经纤维层与神经节细胞复合体的改变

目的 探讨颈内动脉狭窄患者视盘周围视网膜神经纤维层（peripapillary r etinal n erve f iber l ayer, pRNFL）、黄斑区神经节细胞复合体（ganglion cell complex,GCC）厚度的改变,RNFL缺损、GCC丢失比 例的情况。 方法 回顾分析2015年7月-2016年7月在首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院诊治的单侧颈内动脉重度 狭窄（≥70%）或闭塞患者的病例资料,并纳入经颈动脉超声检查明确颈内动脉无明显狭窄的健康者 作为对照组,通过光学相干断层扫描（optical coherence tomography,OCT）检测病例组及对照组双眼 pRNFL及GCC厚度、RNFL缺损、GCC丢失比例。比较病例组狭窄同侧眼和对侧眼及对照组右眼的上述 数据的差异。 结果 共入组56例颈内动脉狭窄患者和56例对照组。颈内动脉狭窄同侧眼的p R N F L平均厚 度、黄斑区GCC平均厚度[（99.44±14.60）μm,（92.61±10.63）μm]较对侧眼[（107.01±9.96）μm, （96.48±9.73）μm]均薄（P =0.008,P =0.047）;较正常对照组眼的pRNFL平均厚度、黄斑区GCC平均 厚度（[ 110.47±6.48）μm,（96.86±5.00）μm]均薄（P=0.001,P=0.013）。狭窄同侧眼出现RNFL缺损、 GCC丢失的比例（33.9%,53.6%）较对侧眼（12.5%,26.8%）均显著增高（P =0.007,P =0.004）。 结论 颈内动脉重度狭窄可导致pRNFL和GCC厚度变薄,通过OCT检查可以更早发现颈内动脉狭窄对 眼部血供的影响。     

Inflammatory arthritis-like and other MR findings in wrists of asymptomatic subjects

Objective To describe magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings in the wrists of asymptomatic subjects that might be confused with pathologic findings.Design MR examination of the dominant wrist was performed in 30 asymptomatic volunteers aged 22–49 years using pre-contrast and post-contrast sequences in the coronal and axial planes. The bases of the metacarpals, the carpus and the distal radius and ulna were evaluated by two musculoskeletal radiologists for lesions, notches, blood vessels and synovial enhancement.Results There were 24 bright osseous lesions (erosions, intraosseous ganglia, oedema or cysts) in 14 subjects. Intraosseous blood vessels were seen in all but one wrist examined, most commonly in the capitate and lunate bones. Enhancement was present in 26 of 27 notches identified at the base of the second metacarpal and less commonly in the capitate, hamate and triquetral notches. A small joint effusion was present in 14 subjects. Joint or soft-tissue enhancement was identified in 16 wrists.Conclusions Many MR abnormalities and variants may be detected in the wrists of asymptomatic subjects. Many of these could be confused with pathologic findings usually associated with inflammatory arthritis.Partial funding provided by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists College Research Fund.     

星状神经结阻滞抗鼠急性胃黏膜损伤的实验研究

目的:探讨颈交感神经干离断(TCST)对鼠急性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用。方法:30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为三组,每组10只,A组为正常对照组;B组为浸水应激对照组;C组为TCST后浸水组。C组行TCST,将B组、C组大鼠垂直浸水,6 h后取出。测定各组大鼠胃黏膜血流量(GMBF),评价黏膜损伤程度。采用放免法检测血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)及降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的含量。结果:B组、C组大鼠胃黏膜可见出血及糜烂,C组较轻。与A组比较,B、C组GMBF降低,B组较低。B、C组血浆CGRP含量均较A组显著降低,B组较低(P0.05)。B、C组血浆ET-1含量较A组显著升高,B组升高明显。结论:TCST对急性胃黏膜损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与其调节血浆的CGRP、ET-1含量有关。     

Lumbar intraspinal mucous cyst: case report

We report a case of an intraspinal mucous cyst, or ganglionic cyst, that irritated the fifth nerve root on the left in a patient who had previously undergone L4-L5 discectomy due to lumbosciatica. After a few months of complete well-being, the patient complained of the return of sciantica in the L5 region. Clinically, it looked like the recurrence of disc hernia, however, tests showed the presence of an extradural ganglionic cyst adjacent to the left joint facet between lumbar vertebrae IV and V. This lesion was not seen using radiography or computed tomography prior to discectomy. Surgical excision of the lesion was followed by rapid and full remission of the clinical symptoms. Histological tests confirmed the diagnosis of ganglion cyst. Received: 23 August 2001/Accepted: 4 September 2001     

Modelling the effect of microsaccades on retinal responses to stationary contrast patterns

We have modelled the effect of microsaccades on retinal responses to achromatic borders and lines using physiologically realistic parameters. Typical microsaccade movement sequences were applied to the retinal image of stationary spatial contrast patterns as projected on the foveal cone mosaic after being passed through the optical transfer function of the eye. The resulting temporal contrast modulation over a cone receptive field was convolved with an analytical expression for the response waveform of primate cones (photocurrent: [Schnapf, J. L., Nunn, B. J., Meister, M. & Baylor, D. A. (1990). Visual transduction in cones of the monkey Macaca fascicularis. Journal of Physiology, 427, 681-713]; photovoltage: [Schneeweis, D. M. & Schnapf, J. L. (1999). The photovoltage of macaque cone photoreceptors: Adaptation, noise, and kinetics. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 1203-1216]). The input to the ganglion cell was derived from the cone responses by the difference-of-Gaussians receptive field model of Donner and Hemil? [Donner, K. & Hemil?, S. (1996). Modelling the spatio-temporal modulation response of ganglion cells with difference-of-Gaussians receptive fields: Relation to photoreceptor response kinetics. Visual Neuroscience, 13, 173-186]. The modelled response waveforms suggest that microsaccades may significantly enhance sensitivity to edges, "re-sharpen" the image and, most interestingly, improve resolution of two closely spaced lines. The reason is that fine spatial structure of the retinal image when moving at suitable velocities is translated into a correlated temporal structure of responses of single cones and ganglion cells. The information content of the signal is not strongly dependent on positional accuracy and the effect is thus distinct from the presumed retinal basis of vernier acuity. Other eye movements (drift) with velocity distributions similar to that of the microsaccade's slow return phase might be similarly useful, although the microsaccade has some distinguishing features that could be functionally significant, e.g., the neural motor control and the biphasic movement pattern.     

Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer,ganglion cell layer,and optic nerve head morphological parameters in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and comparison with normal population

Purpose:To compare the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and optic nerve head (ONH) morphological parameters between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients and age-matched controls using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).Methods:This case control study was conducted in a multi-specialty tertiary care hospital from 2014 to 2016. Patients diagnosed to have OSA by overnight polysomnography were included in the study. Fifty eyes of 25 OSA patients with clinically normal optic disc were compared with 50 eyes of age-matched controls. The study population underwent detailed ophthalmological evaluation including SD-OCT.Results:There was significant thinning of the superior, inferior, and average RNFL in the OSA group when compared to controls. GCL analysis also showed a significant thinning of the six sectors as well as average and minimum ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer in OSA patients. The optic nerve head rim area was significantly decreased in OSA patients when compared to controls.Conclusion:OSA patients even with clinically normal optic disc showed significant decrease in the RNFL thickness, GCL thickness, and rim area when compared to age-matched controls. Hence, these patients constitute a high-risk population who need to be regularly screened and followed up for ocular co-morbidities.     

Assessment of retinal manifestations of Parkinson’s disease using spectral domain optical coherence tomography: A study in Indian eyes

Purpose:To assess the retinal manifestations of Parkinson’s disease using optical coherence tomography.Methods:A prospective case-control study comparing 30 eyes from 15 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 22 eyes from 11 healthy age-matched controls. Total macular subfield thickness and the thickness of the ganglion cell layer, nerve fiber layer, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer were measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).Results:The mean age of PD patients was 68.4 years ± 10.64 (range: 46–82) and in the control group was 66.36 ± 5.22 (range: 64–68). The average disease duration in patients with PD was 6.7 ± 2.8 years (range: 2–10 years). The mean best-corrected visual acuity in PD was 20/26 and 20/20 in controls, with P = 0.0059, which was significant. Significant difference was also found in the contrast sensitivity between both groups. Structural differences in the central macular thickness (P = 0.0001), subfield thicknesses in the superior (P = 0.003), inferior (P = 0.001), nasal (P = 0.004), and temporal subfields (P = 0.017) was seen. Severe thinning of the ganglion cell layer was seen in PD patients (P = 0.000) as well as of the nerve fiber layer (P = 0.004). Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber thickness measured showed significant thinning in superotemporal (P = 0.000), superonasal (P = 0.04), inferonasal (P = 0.000), inferotemporal (P = 0.000), nasal (P = 0.000), and temporal quadrants (P = 0.000).Conclusion:Visual dysfunction was observed in patients with PD along with structural alterations on OCT, which included macular volumes, ganglion cell layer, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer.     

频域-OCT在观察高眼压症视网膜神经纤维层及神经节细胞复合体中的应用

使用频域相干光断层扫描（ SD-OCT）观察高眼压症患者视盘形态学参数、视网膜神经纤维层（RNFL）及黄斑区神经节细胞复合体（GCC）的表现。方法选取52例（96只眼）高眼压患者,按照眼压高低分为两组,与20例（40只眼）正常人进行SD-OCT检查,测量视盘形态学参数、整体平均RNFL厚度（RNFL-Avg）、上方平均RNFL厚度（RNFL-Sup）、下方平均RNFL厚度（RNFL-Inf）、整体平均GCC的厚度（GCC-Avg）、上方平均GCC厚度（ GCC-Sup）、下方平均GCC厚度（ GCC-Inf）,比较两组高眼压症患者与正常对照组之间的差异,并分析高眼压症组RNFL与GCC的相关性。结果两组高眼压症患者与正常对照组比较,视盘各形态学参数（ P ＞0．05）、RNFL-Avg（ P ＝0．9017）、RNFL-Sup（ P ＝0．9659）、 RNFL-Inf（ P ＝0．7465）、 GCC-Avg（ P ＝0．3498）、GCC-Sup（ P ＝0.4203）、GCC-Inf（ P ＝0．3071）均无显著的统计学差异。而RNFL与GCC在整体、上方及下方的厚度均呈明显的正相关（ r ＝0．5631 P ＝0．001;r ＝0．5122 P ＝0．005;r ＝0．5459 P ＝0．002）。结论 SD-OCT是一种比较敏感的能够观察到视网膜结构改变的检查方法,对青光眼的早期诊断具有重要的作用。高眼压症患者在眼压明显高于正常的情况下,并无RNFL及GCC的改变,对于高眼压症应该强调严格随诊。     

Neuromuscular dentistry and the role of the autonomic nervous system: Sphenopalatine ganglion blocks and neuromodulation. An International College of Cranio Mandibular Orthopedics (ICCMO) position paper

The Sphenopalatine Ganglion (SPG) is known to play an integral role in the pathophysiology of a wide variety of orofacial pains involving the jaws, sinuses, eyes and the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. It supplies direct parasympathetic innervation to the trigeminal and facial nerves. Sympathetic innervation from the superior sympathetic chain passes thru the SPG to the trigeminal and facial nerves.This paper reviews relevant and significant literature on SPG Blocks and Neuromodulation published in peer reviewed medical and dental journals. Neuromuscular Dentistry employs ULF-TENS to relax musculature and simultaneously provide neuromodulation to the ganglion.Conclusion: The effects of ULF-TENS on the autonomic nervous system acts on the Limbic System and Hypothalamus (H-P-A) to address Axis II issues during neuromuscular dental procedures. It also directly affects the autonomic component of the trigeminal nerve involved in almost all headaches and migraines as well as the Myofascial and Joint disorders of TMD.