Reliability and validity of the Visual Gait Assessment Scale for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy when used by experienced and inexperienced observers

This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Visual Gait Assessment Scale when used by experienced and inexperienced observers. Four experienced and six inexperienced observers viewed videotaped footage of four children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy on two separate occasions. Validity of the Scale was obtained by comparison with three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA). The experienced observers generally had higher inter-observer and intra-observer reliability than the inexperienced observers. Both groups showed higher agreement for assessments made at the ankle and foot than at the knee and hip. The experienced observers had slightly higher agreement with 3DGA than the inexperienced observers. The inexperienced observers showed a learning effect and had higher inter-observer agreement and higher agreement with 3DGA in the second assessment of the videotapes. This scale can be used by inexperienced observers but is limited to observations in the sagittal plane and by poor reliability at the knee and hip for experienced and inexperienced observers.     

活血化痰方治疗血管性轻度认知障碍临床研究

目的:观察活血化痰方治疗血管性轻度认知障碍的临床疗效。方法:将84例血管性轻度认知障碍患者按照随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,每组42例,对照组采用尼莫地平片治疗,观察组采用活血化痰方治疗,两组患者均连续治疗6个月,以治疗2个月、4个月、6个月为观察点,比较治疗后两组患者中医证候积分、认知功能改善情况,检测患者血清丙二醛(malondjaldehyde,MDA)水平及超氧化歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)等氧化应激指标的变化情况,评价临床疗效。结果:观察组有效率为90.48%高于对照组73.81%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗2个月、4个月、6个月,观察组中医证候积分均低于同组治疗前及对照组治疗后,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),认知功能评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);SOD、GSH-Px活性均高于对照组,MDA水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:活血化痰方可改善血管性轻度认知障碍患者中医证候及认知功能,减轻氧化应激损伤,临床疗效显著。     

基于老年健康综合评估探讨糖尿病与认知功能障碍的相关性研究

背景　目前糖尿病患者认知功能障碍被临床糖尿病治疗策略忽略,且尚未发现有效的治疗方法可以逆转痴呆的病程,因此,积极寻找痴呆的危险因素,从防治的角度预防痴呆的发生是改变目前在痴呆诊治中被动局面的一种有效方法。目的　探讨住院老年患者糖尿病与认知功能障碍的相关性。方法　选取2017年9月-2019年2月在成都市第一人民医院老年病科完成老年健康综合评估的住院老年患者为研究对象,采用简易精神状况量表（MMSE）、临床痴呆评定量表（CDR）、日常生活能力量表（ADL）进行评估。依据2型糖尿病诊断标准将患者分为正常组和糖尿病组。采用二分类Logistic回归分析探讨住院老年患者糖尿病与认知功能障碍的相关性。结果　共发放问卷610份,回收有效问卷606份,有效回收率99.3%。纳入研究的606例患者中,正常组428例,平均年龄（71.4±7.6）岁;男性180例（42.1%）,女性248例（57.9%）。糖尿病组178例,平均年龄（72.3±6.4）岁;男性82例（46.7%）,女性96例（53.9%）。两组患者MMSE、CDR、ADL评分及认知情况比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。二分类Logistic回归分析结果显示：糖尿病与住院老年患者认知功能障碍存在相关性（P<0.05）。结论　在住院老年患者中,糖尿病和认知功能障碍关系密切,临床上应关注两者共同的危险因素及影响因素,应注意筛查老年糖尿病患者的认知功能状况,及时发现认知功能障碍并进行有效的干预。     

膝骨关节炎患者的三维运动解析

背景　膝骨关节炎（KOA）患者发生膝关节变形、活动受限、步态异常等改变,预示KOA是与运动学、动力学等生物力学因素关系密切的一种疾病。而目前临床上缺乏对这些运动学、动力学指标的客观定量评定指标。目的　应用VICON三维运动捕捉系统解析KOA患者的病情,为临床医生治疗、康复计划的制定和实施提供新的重要参考依据。方法　2010年10月-2017年6月,选择上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院门诊及住院的双KOA患者10例作为KOA组,另外招募无膝关节疼痛的健康中老年人10例作为对照组。采用英国VICON三维运动捕捉系统对两组受试者进行行走测试,并分析受试者的步行情况和膝关节的生物力学（运动学、动力学）特征。结果　与正常人比较,KOA患者存在明显的步态和生物力学特征：步频、跛行指数、步长、步幅、步速均缩短,双足支撑期、单足支撑期、一步时间、步行周期均延长（P<0.05）;膝关节屈曲角峰值,冠状面最初角度,矢状面、冠状面、水平面膝关节最大活动范围均减小（P<0.05）;膝关节角速度、膝关节角加速度峰值和平均值均减小（P<0.05）;膝关节伸展力矩峰值减小（P<0.05）;Y轴和Z轴方向地板反作用力峰值减小（P<0.05）。结论　KOA患者关节内及其周围生物力学环境发生了明显变化,同时下肢运动出现了异常。而采用VICON运动捕捉系统对KOA患者和正常人进行三维步态分析,有助于更好地了解膝关节运动学和动力学等指标,为KOA诊断、治疗及研究提供重要的参考依据。     

老年轻度认知障碍记忆损害特点的研究

目的探讨老年轻度认知障碍患者的记忆损害特点,比较不同神经心理学测验对诊断和发现轻度认知障碍的敏感性,筛选临床实用的简捷敏感的神经心理学测验工具。方法轻度认知障碍患者20例,轻度阿尔茨海默病患者26例,健康老年人30名。应用词语回忆测验、图片回忆测验、数字广度测验、本顿视觉保持测验C式A法及D式D法进行测试。结果轻度认知障碍组在图片回忆分、视觉保持测验D式D法正确分及持续错误分上的成绩较正常对照组差(P<0．05);轻度认知障碍组视觉保持测验D法成绩明显差于A法(P<0．01)。结论轻度认知障碍患者对具体视觉形象的记忆能力及对无意义图形的视觉记忆能力受损,存在即刻记忆和延迟记忆障碍,且延迟回忆较即刻回忆损害明显,短时记忆更新的可塑性差;图片回忆测试、本顿视觉保持测验的延迟回忆测试或与即刻回忆联合测试有助于轻度认知障碍的早期发现。     

Nutrient intake and psychological health in an elderly Chinese population

BACKGROUND: Associations between nutrition and cognitive impairment, and nutrition and depression, have been observed. Elderly people are at risk of under nutrition, and also have higher prevalence of cognitive impairment and depression. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between nutrient intake and psychological health in the elderly, adjusting for confounding factors. SUBJECTS: Three thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine men and women aged 65 years and over living in the community, with approximately equal numbers in three age groups: 65-69, 70-74, 75+ years. METHODS: Dietary intake was assessed using a 7-day food frequency questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed by the cognitive part of the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSID). Depression was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Information was also collected for confounding factors: demographics, educational level, socioeconomic status, medical history, smoking, alcohol intake, and physical activity. Logistic regression analyses were carried out to examine associations between lifestyle and dietary variables, and CSID and GDS, controlling for confounders. RESULTS: Both CSID and GDS scores were associated with co-morbidity, demographic and socioeconomic factors. Few associations between lifestyle factors and CSID score were observed. Dietary factors inversely associated with GDS score include total fat intake, vitamins A, B2, B3, C, fibre, and vegetables. In terms of nutrient density, iron and isoflavone intake were additional factors. CONCLUSION: Association exists between intake of various nutrients and psychological health independent of other confounding factors in the elderly population. A follow-up study of this cohort or interventional studies are needed to elucidate cause effect relationship.     

Compression strapping: the development of a novel compression technique to enhance compression therapy and healing for 'hard-to-heal' leg ulcers

Non healing wounds of the lower limb continue to be a significant issue for both practitioners and patients. Failure of gold-standard management demands a creative response. This article describes the development of a novel and intuitive strapping technique overlying the compression bandage that appears to have an influence in healing complex lower limb ulcers. A retrospective audit of 17 patients with 25 ulcers allows further analysis and discussion. The strapping technique uses cohesive inelastic compression bandaging; narrow strips of bandages are layered in a fan distribution over the ulcer and oedema. This approach seems to offer an intuitive response to these complex wounds, allowing management to be tailored to the site of the ulcer and oedema. Tolerance for this less bulky compression therapy regime is excellent, thereby aiding healing and reducing all costs associated with non healing leg ulcers.     

Reference for the 2011 revision of the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury

The latest revision of the International Standards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) was available in booklet format in June 2011, and is published in this issue of the Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. The ISNCSCI were initially developed in 1982 to provide guidelines for the consistent classification of the neurological level and extent of the injury to achieve reliable data for clinical care and research studies. This revision was generated from the Standards Committee of the American Spinal Injury Association in collaboration with the International Spinal Cord Society's Education Committee. This article details and explains the updates and serves as a reference for these revisions and clarifications.     

内皮素受体拮抗剂PD142893对梗阻性黄疸大鼠并发肾功能损害的影响

目的：了解梗阻性黄疸（obstructive jaundice，OJ）大鼠模型血浆和肾组织内皮素（endothelin，ET）含量变化对肾功能的影响以及应用ET受体拮抗剂PD142893后的变化。方法：假手术组、OJ组及OJ＋药物组共32只Wistar大鼠分别于术后5、10、15和20d（每组n=8）采用放射免疫法测定血浆和肾匀浆的ET含量，同时测定血清TBIL、肌酐清除率，对肾脏行光镜下病理组织形态学观察。结果：在OJ组和OJ＋药物组中血清TBIL含量、血浆和肾组织匀浆中ET含量随梗阻时间延长而明显增加；OJ组在术后5d即表现为肌酐清除率下降，随梗阻时间延长而加重并伴有肾脏病理形态的进行性改变，而OJ＋药物组对比OJ组相应的改变出现的较晚；在非药物治疗组中，肌酐清除率与血浆和肾组织匀浆中ET含量呈负相关。结论：OJ时的高胆红素血症是导致肾功能损害的原因之一，胆色素对肾脏有直接的毒性作用；OJ引起血浆和肾组织中ET的病理性升高，由其介导的多种生物学效应是最终导致肾功能损害的重要原因；肽类非选择性ET受体拮抗剂PD142893对OJ大鼠的肾脏具有保护作用。     

Ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy in patients with renal impairment

Objectives In this study, we try to evaluate the efficacy and safety of holmium lasers for treatment of ureteric stones in patients with renal impairment or obstructive anuria. Patients and methods Twenty-six patients were included in this study, of which 20 patients presented with elevated blood urea and serum creatinine (2.1–7.6 mg%), and six patients presented with calcular anuria (mean serum creatinine 22 mg%). None of the patients had a ureteric stent or nephrostomy tube before the ureteroscopy. All patients were treated with holmium laser. A stone basket or grasper was used to remove significant stone fragments at the end of the procedure in seven patients. In these seven patients, ureteric stents were placed at the end of the procedure. Results All patients were free of any stone fragments at 1 week and at 3 months postoperatively. In all patients, including the six with obstructive anuria, the renal impairment resolved or improved as evidenced by normalization or fall in blood urea and creatinine. Thus, in this small group of uremic patients, the success rate for treatment of ureteral stone was 100%. Conclusions A holmium laser is a safe and effective modality of ureteroscopic lithotripsy in patients with significant renal impairment or even obstructive anuria. The use of holmium laser with ureteroscopy may be considered in this group of patients as long as the general condition of the patient permits the safe administration of anesthesia.