An analysis of early oncologic head and neck free flap reoperations from the 2005–2012 ACS-NSQIP dataset

Background: There are limited population-based studies that examine perioperative factors that influence postoperative surgical take-backs to the OR following free flap (FF) reconstruction for head/neck cancer extirpation. The purpose of this study was to critically analyse head/neck free flaps (HNFF) captured in the ACS-NSQIP dataset with a specific focus on postoperative complications and the incidence of factors associated with re-operation.

Methods: The 2005–2012 ACS-NSQIP datasets were accessed to identify patients undergoing FF reconstruction after a diagnosis of head/neck cancer. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and perioperative risk factors were examined as covariates, and the primary outcome was return to OR within 30 days of surgery. A multivariate regression was performed to determine independent preoperative factors associated with this complication.

Results: In total, 855 patients underwent FF for head/neck reconstruction most commonly for the Tongue (24.7%) and Mouth/Floor/cavity (25.0%). Of these, 153 patients (17.9%) returned to the OR within 30 days of surgery. Patients in this cohort had higher rates of wound infections and dehiscence (p?<?0.01). Medical complications were significantly higher and included pneumonia (12.4% vs 5.0%, p?<?0.01), prolonged ventilation (16.3% vs 4.8%, p?<?0.01), myocardial infarction (2.6% vs 0.6%, p?=?0.017), and sepsis (7.2% vs 3.4%, p?=?0.033). Regression analysis demonstrated that visceral flaps (OR?=?9.7, p?=?0.012) and hypoalbuminemia (OR?=?2.4, p?=?0.009) were significant predictors of a return to the OR.

Conclusion: Based on data from the nationwide NSQIP dataset, up to 17% of HNFF return to the OR within 30 days. Although this data-set has some significant limitations, these results can cautiously help to improve preoperative patient optimisation and surgical decision-making.     

弹力指套在手指皮瓣移植术后患者中的应用效果

目的 探讨弹力指套对促进手指皮肤缺损皮瓣移植术后功能恢复的作用.方法 将64例手指损伤行岛状皮瓣移植修补术的患者,按“不平衡指数最小的分配原则”分为观察组和对照组,术后5d内两组均采用无菌纱布包扎,结合抗凝、抗感染、抗痉挛治疗,局部烤灯照射保温,严密观察皮瓣血液循环情况.5d后排除血管危象后,观察组用弹力绷带制作的指套持续包扎,对照组继续采用常规纱布包扎,并于术后第15、30、90、180天观察肿胀消退、感觉运动及瘢痕情况.结果 术后第15天,两组运动、两点分辨觉情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；术后第30天,两组运动、两点分辨觉、肿胀情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；术后第90、180天,两组瘢痕情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 弹力指套包扎对手指皮瓣移植术后肿胀消退、感觉运动功能恢复有促进作用.     

应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣治疗儿童足踝部皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣治疗儿童足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法及临床疗效. 方法 2006年6月至2012年2月我们采用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣治疗儿童足踝部皮肤软组织缺损37例,患儿年龄2～13岁,平均7岁;足踝部皮肤软组织缺损范围3 cm×2cm～8cm×7 cm;受伤至手术时间1～5个月,平均2个月;切取皮瓣面积为3 cm ×2 cm～9 cm ×8 cm,皮瓣蒂长约4～7 cm（平均5 cm）,筋膜蒂宽3.0 ～5.0 cm. 结果 37例患儿术后腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣全部成活,其中4例皮瓣周围皮缘部分坏死,6例术后出现皮瓣远端部分皮下脂肪液化,均经换药后愈合;37例患儿均获随访,随访时间3 ～46个月,平均20个月,皮瓣无臃肿,外形满意,功能、感觉良好,两点辨别觉正常,皮肤感觉恢复良好,能穿鞋正常行走. 结论 腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣手术操作简单,损伤少,成功率高,是修复儿童足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的有效可靠方法之一.     

游离股前外侧穿支血管皮瓣修复上颌骨切除后缺损

目的探讨股前外侧穿支血管皮瓣简称股前外侧皮瓣（anterolateral thigh flap,ATF）,游离移植修复上颌骨切除后缺损的可行性及修复效果。方法回顾性分析18例上颌骨肿瘤患者的临床资料,上颌骨全切除术16例,上颌骨下部切除术2例。全部患者均用ATF I期修复。结果全部病例均移植成功,成功率100%,外形满意率为94%。恶性肿瘤17例,3年生存率为68.8%。结论 ATF可作为上颌骨切除术后修复材料,较好的恢复功能与外形。     

中指尺侧动脉岛状皮瓣修复拇指软组织缺损

目的观察以中指尺侧动脉岛状皮瓣修复拇指软组织缺损创面的效果。方法根据患指缺损面积大小,在中指尺侧上设计以指动脉为蒂的岛状皮瓣转移修复拇指软组织缺损,供区创面植皮修复。结果 12例皮瓣全部存活。随访4～36个月手指外形良好,感觉、功能正常。结论应用中指尺侧动脉岛状皮瓣在拇指软组织缺损创面,具有设计合理、切取转移方便、供受区邻近组织结构合理、修复后指感觉及外形满意等优点。     

Electrical burn injuries. Some unusual clinical situations and management

A retrospective and prospective management of 665 patients of electrical burn injuries out of 10,000 burn cases admitted between 1996 and 2004 (9 years) was analyzed. The problems encountered and their solutions are presented. One hundred and fifty-five (155) of them had their limbs amputated, i.e. (24%). The pathophysiology of electrical injury is reviewed. Serial and multiple debridement of wounds were performed, preserving the nerves, tendons, joints and bones even if denatured to preserve the continuity as these could regenerate partially if covered with vascularised skin. Functional outcome of an electrical burn wound is inversely proportional to the time lapsed before start of reconstructive procedure/s. Infrastructural limitations like severe shortage of blood, and surgical materials due to a disparity between demand and supply added to the poor general condition of the patient unfavorably delayed the start of reconstruction and precipitated "an unusual clinical situation". The aim of management has been to obtain a healthy wound, which could support an inset of a skin edge. Under these situations, a stable wound was obtained on the 12th day [average]. Split skin grafts and loco-regional flaps, using time-old principles of rotation, advancement, transposition served well in most of our cases. Through this paper, some unusual wounds in unusual clinical situations, which were managed with various methods of reconstruction, following the reconstructive ladder are presented.     

喉咽癌外科切除后应用喉气管瓣及其复合瓣重建上消化道

目的探讨喉咽癌病变被切除后应用喉气管瓣及其复合瓣重建上消化道的合理性、可靠性、有效性及其近远期疗效。方法回顾性分析我科自2002年12月～2010年11月共94例喉咽癌患者的临床资料,男92例,女2例。临床诊断为梨状窝癌者69例,下咽后壁癌11例,环后癌9例和下咽及颈段食管癌5例。I期1例,II期9例,III期27例,IV期A 53例,IV期B 4例。单纯应用喉气管瓣重建上消化道者33例,应用喉气管瓣与胸大肌皮瓣复合瓣重建者61例。结果所有患者无1例手术死亡,多数患者在术后10～14 d开始经口进食,X线钡餐透视检查通过顺利。发生咽瘘15例（16.0%）,无一例发生狭窄或消化道梗阻。中位随诊期3.5年,1、3、5年生存率分别为94.4%,60.5%和39.3%。结论本术式是一个根治性手术,喉气管瓣及其复合瓣重建上消化道手术简便易行,功能效果良好,有高度实用性和良好的肿瘤效果以及低的并发症,适合于大多数晚期喉咽癌患者。     

足踝深部创面的修复

目的总结足踝深部创面修复方法及临床效果。方法2002年3月～2006年6月,收治49例足踝部皮肤及深部组织缺损。其中男36例,女13例;年龄16～67岁,平均39岁。损伤原因:碾压伤24例,高处坠落伤9例,切割伤7例,恶性软组织肿瘤5例,褥疮2例,电击伤2例;左侧19例,右侧30例。皮肤缺损范围3cm×2cm～20cm×15cm。24例合并肌腱韧带缺损,12例合并关节外露,9例合并骨质缺失,35例合并不同程度感染,5例合并2期糖尿病。伤后至手术时间为4h～1年。创面修复分别采用:局部皮瓣15例,范围3cm×3cm～6cm×4cm;岛状皮瓣25例,范围8cm×5cm～12cm×7cm;游离皮瓣4例,范围15cm×11cm～24cm×17cm;交腿皮瓣5例,范围5cm×4cm～8cm×6cm。24例肌腱韧带缺损患者,15例行一期肌腱修复重建,余9例行二期肌腱移植重建术。9例合并骨质缺失患者于创面愈合后行二期植骨,植骨量12～64g,平均28g。结果49例移位皮瓣均成活,其中46例创面期愈合;3例皮瓣远端边缘部分坏死,经扩创植皮后创面愈合。2例术前有严重深部感染患者术后残留窦道,经6～8个月换药后窦道痊愈。患者获随访6个月～3年,移位皮瓣成活良好,无溃疡形成,足踝功能恢复良好。结论早期积极选择适当皮瓣进行足踝部创面修复,能恢复其良好外观和功能。     

Perforator Flap versus Conventional Flap

The introduction of perforator flaps represented a significant advance in microsurgical reconstruction. However, confusion has developed due to the erroneous belief that perforator flaps are different from conventional flaps. The concept of the perforator is not new, but is an idea that evolved from the conventional flap. In fact, some of the flaps used by microsurgeons were perforator flaps. The only difference is the anatomical level of the blood vessels involved; the perforator concept is focused on the distal circulation, so-called ''perforator''. Therefore, thinner sections of tissue can be taken from the conventional donor sites of myocutaneous flaps. With the use of perforators, there are no longer "flap of choice" for specific reconstructions, because conventional donor sites have become universal donor sites, enabling the harvesting of a variety of flaps. Moreover, depending on the surgeon''s ability, any flap can be utilized as a perforator-based island flap whose source vessel has been completely preserved. Therefore, tissues can be efficiently customized and tailored into any configuration required for reconstruction. The application of perforator flap technique enables more precise dissection, and allows more selective harvesting of thinner flaps, which will expand options in reconstructive surgery. No doubt the technique will continue to evolve.

Graphical Abstract

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