Beliefs about fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among men and women at alcohol serving establishments in South Africa

Background: South Africa has one of the highest rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in the world. However, little is known about what men and women who attend alcohol serving establishments believe about alcohol use during pregnancy and how these beliefs may be related to alcohol use. Objectives: To understand FASD beliefs and related behaviors among men and women attending alcohol-serving establishments. Methods: We surveyed 1047 men (n?=?565) and women (n?=?482) -including pregnant women and men with pregnant partners- attending alcohol serving establishments in a township located in Cape Town, South Africa. Results: Among both pregnant (n?=?53) and non-pregnant (n?=?429) women, 54% reported drinking alcohol at least 2–4 times per month, and 57% reported having at least 3–4 alcohol drinks during a typical drinking session. Pregnant women were less likely to believe that they should not drink alcohol and that alcohol can harm a fetus when compared to non-pregnant women. Similar findings were observed between men with pregnant partners compared to men without pregnant partners. Among women, beliefs about how much alcohol pregnant women can safely drink were associated with self-reported alcohol use. Conclusions: Efforts to address FASD need to focus on understanding how men and women perceive alcohol use during pregnancy and situational factors that contribute to alcohol consumption among pregnant women attending alcohol serving establishments. Structural and individual-level interventions targeting women at alcohol serving establishments should be prioritized to mitigate alcohol use during pregnancy.     

铜绿假单胞菌上清液诱导J774细胞凋亡过程中Fas蛋白的表达

<正>铜绿假单胞菌(pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)是医院内感染最常见的致病菌,一旦感染,治疗困难。巨噬细胞是机体重要的免疫防御细胞,细菌侵袭机体组织,首先要避免被巨噬细胞等机体免疫细胞的吞噬、清除。因此激发巨噬细胞凋亡对细菌而言很重要。近来研究显示,PA以剂量依赖和时间依赖的方式诱导U937巨噬细胞凋亡,且与线粒体途径有关[1]。本研究采用J774细胞作为巨噬细胞的模型[2],通过观察PA上清液诱导J774细胞凋亡过程中Fas蛋白的表达,进一步探讨PA上清液诱导J774细胞凋亡的致病机制,为开发新型抗感染药物提供重要的理论依据。     

Fas ligand expressing mononuclear cells around intrahepatic bile ducts co‐express CD68 in primary biliary cirrhosis

Abstract: Aims/Background: Apoptosis, including the Fas system, has been implicated in progressive bile duct loss in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). In this study, we attempted to analyze Fas ligand (FasL) expressing mononuclear cells infiltrating in the portal tracts of PBC. Methods: We immunohistochemically assessed co‐expression of leukocyte markers and FasL on infiltrating mononuclear cells in 18 patients with PBC. Twenty‐five patients with chronic hepatitis C (CH‐C) were used as controls. Results: In PBC, FasL expressing cells were scattered in the portal tracts, and some were accentuated around the damaged bile ducts. In addition, these cells co‐expressed CD68 (71%), a marker of monocytes, but not UCHL‐1, CD3 and CD57, markers of activated T cells and natural killer cells. By contrast, in CH‐C, the biliocentric pattern of FasL expression was not evident, and about half of FasL expressing cells (42–56%) co‐expressed UCHL‐1, CD3 or CD57. CD14, a receptor for bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharides, was also detected on a proportion of FasL expressing mononuclear cells around the damaged bile ducts in PBC. Conclusion: The results suggest that in PBC, FasL expressing CD68+ monocytes are at least partly involved in apoptotic bile duct loss mediated by the Fas system, and a surface molecule, CD14, participates in this process.     

槲皮素诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡及其与Fas/FasL通路的相关性研究

目的:了解槲皮素诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡的作用及其与Fas/Fas L通路的相关性。方法:建立槲皮素诱导的MCF-7细胞凋亡模型。采用透射电镜观察细胞核形态变化,Annexin V-FITC/PI和JC-1荧光标记流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率、线粒体膜电位(Δψm)及Fas L中和抗体对细胞凋亡的阻断作用。采用免疫荧光法和流式细胞术检测细胞Fas/Fas L的表达。流式细胞术观察p38 MAPK抑制剂SB203580对细胞Fas/Fas L表达的影响。Western blot检测p38 MAPK和p-p38 MAPK蛋白水平的变化。结果:80.0μmol/L槲皮素处理MCF-7细胞48h,透射电镜可见染色质浓缩及边缘化现象;处理24 h、48 h和72 h,Δψm分别下降17.4%、44.3%和68.9%,细胞凋亡率分别为(10.2±3.3)%、(28.9±7.5)%和(39.2±8.9)%。Fas L中和抗体预处理细胞后,24 h、48 h和72 h的细胞凋亡率则分别为(8.2±2.8)%、(19.2±5.3)%和(22.5±6.9)%,细胞凋亡阻断率分别为19.6%、33.6%和42.6%。Fas/Fas L表达率随处理时间增加而升高,SB203580可显著抑制细胞Fas/Fas L的表达率。p38 MAPK的蛋白水平变化不大,而p-p38 MAPK的蛋白水平在48 h和72 h显著增高。结论:槲皮素可上调MCF-7细胞的Fas/Fas L表达,并经膜Fas/Fas L途径诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡,p-p38 MAPK可能是上调Fas/Fas L表达的重要信号分子。     

Fas Ligand基因转染对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的 :研究腺病毒介导FasLigand基因转染对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞凋亡的影响。 方法 :常规分子生物学技术构建重组腺病毒Ad FasL、Ad βgal。免疫组化方法检测转染Ad FasL的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞FasLigand蛋白表达。用TUNEL法检测转染腺病毒的血管平滑肌细胞是否发生凋亡。结果 :10 0moiAd FasL转染大鼠血管平滑肌细胞 ,10 0 %细胞表达FasLigand蛋白 ,并发生凋亡。结论 :大鼠对Ad FasL转染诱导的凋亡易感。因此可以推断Ad FasL转染损伤后血管壁将减少血管平滑肌细胞积累。Ad FasL转染可能是有效的再狭窄治疗策略     

Increased circulating levels of soluble Fas ligand are correlated with disease activity in patients with fibrosing lung diseases

OBJECTIVE: The Fas-Fas ligand (FasL) pathway is one of the important apoptosis-signalling molecule systems. We previously determined that this pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosing lung diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical significance of the levels of soluble forms of Fas (sFas) and FasL (sFasL) in serum from patients with fibrosing lung diseases. METHODOLOGY: We measured sFas, sFasL, KL-6 (a measure of alveolar type II cell damage), surfactant protein D (SP-D), and surfactant protein A (SP-A) levels in serum from 35 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 17 patients with interstitial pneumonia associated with collagen vascular diseases (CVD-IP), and 13 normal healthy controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS: The serum levels of sFasL were significantly increased in patients with active IPF and CVD-IP, compared with those with inactive disease and controls. There was no significant difference in sFasL levels between patients with inactive disease and controls. Serum sFasL levels were significantly correlated with lactate dehydrogenase and KL-6 levels in IPF. The decrease in sFasL levels following corticosteroid therapy was not correlated with the clinical course of IPF. There was no significant difference in serum sFas levels between IPF or CVD-IP patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Although further studies need to be performed on a large number of patients with histologically proven IPF or CVD-IP, it would seem that serum sFasL levels may reflect the activity of IPF and CVD-IP.     

慢性乙型肝炎和肝病中Fas和FasL表达的原位研究

目的了解慢性乙型肝炎和肝病时介导凋亡的Ｆａｓ／ＦａｓＬ表现。方法以免疫组化法原位检查各种慢性肝病４５例的活检肝组织。结果肝内浸润的淋巴细胞中检出ＦａｓＬ，肝细胞Ｆａｓ／ＦａｓＬ表达与炎症活动性一致，多分布在界面性炎症区。肝细胞表达ＦａｓＬ，可能也发挥细胞毒效应。结论新的发现是ＦａｓＬ可在肝细胞结节和肝癌细胞表达，提示有细胞毒效应的ＦａｓＬ在ＨＢ相关慢性肝病中有发病学意义。肝癌细胞中未检出Ｆａｓ而检出ＦａｓＬ，可能是一种肿瘤逃避免疫攻击的机制     

双歧杆菌四联活菌片对溃疡性结肠炎患者免疫功能及Fas/FasL表达的影响

目的:探讨溃疡性结肠炎患者应用双歧杆菌四联活菌片联合奥沙拉嗪治疗临床疗效,及对免疫功能和Fas/FasL表达的影响.方法:本组96例溃疡性结肠炎患者随机分为观察组(n=48)和对照组(n=48).对照组口服奥沙拉嗪治疗,观察组在对照组基础上结合双歧杆菌四联活菌片治疗.两组均以2周为1个疗程,连续服用2个疗程评价两组临床疗效,对血清炎症因子、免疫功能、C-反应蛋白及Fas/FasL表达的影响.结果:观察组治疗2个疗程后总有效率明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组治疗后白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量均明显低于各组间治疗前及对照组治疗后,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组治疗后CD4+、CD4+/CD8+表达高于治疗前及对照组治疗后,而CD8+明显低于治疗前及对照组治疗后,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组治疗后Fas、FasL表达均低于各组间治疗前,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组治疗后C-反应蛋白水平低于各组间治疗前及对照组治疗后,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组均无明显不良反应发生.结论:溃疡性结肠炎患者应用双歧杆菌四联活菌片联合奥沙拉嗪治疗临床疗效明显,双歧杆菌四联活菌片可使CD4+/CD8+比值恢复正常范围,经逆转Fas/FasL表达异常,而诱导淋巴细胞凋亡,故而具有重要临床研究价值.     

Plasma-soluble Fas (APO-1, CD95) and soluble Fas ligand in immune thrombocytopenic purpura

We investigated the levels of various cytokines and soluble factors in ITP patients, in order to determine the influence of these factors on the pathogenesis of ITP. We found increases in IL-2, IL-6, IFN-gamma, and M-CSF levels in ITP patients compared with those in healthy individuals. On lymphocyte phenotype analysis, we found no clear difference in total T cell population (CD2+ CD19- cells) or cytotoxic T cell frequency (CD8+ CD11b- cells) between these two groups. The frequency of helper/inducer T cells (CD4+ CD8- cells) was decreased in ITP patients. There was a significant increase in activated T cells (CD3+ HLA-DR+ cells) in ITP patients. Furthermore, frequencies of NK cells of potent activity (CD16+ CD56+ cells) were significantly elevated in ITP patients. Seventeen of the 54 ITP patients (31.5%) had elevated levels of sFas, and 11 of the 54 patients (20.4%) of sFasL. In addition, a significant increase of sFasL was observed in sFas-positive ITP patients, and in these patients the sFasL level was correlated with that of sFas (r = 0.687, p < 0.01). We found significant increases in IL-2 and sIL-2R levels in sFas-positive ITP patients. For other factors examined, however, there were no differences in level between sFas-positive and -negative ITP patients. Percentages of activated T cells (CD3+ and HLA-DR+ cells) and NK cells (CD16+ and CD56+ cells) were significantly higher in sFas-positive ITP patients than in sFas-negative ITP patients. These findings suggests that the pathogenesis of ITP includes alteration of the Fas/FasL pathway.     

Fas配体基因导入对大鼠颈动脉损伤后新生内膜的影响

目的 :探讨腺病毒载体介导 Fas配体 （Fas L）基因导入对大鼠颈动脉损伤后新生内膜的影响。方法 :利用重组腺病毒载体将 Fas L 导入大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤的内膜 ,14d后观察其对新生内膜形成的影响。结果 :通过腺病毒载体介导导入 Fas L 基因的被球囊损伤的大鼠颈动脉 ,与 Ad- β gal基因的对照组相比较 ,14d后损伤血管新生内膜 /中膜面积比降低了 73%（P<0 .0 1）。结论 :Fas L 可抑制新生内膜的增生。