与老年人跌倒有关的环境危险因素分析

目的 了解老年人的跌倒情况以及有关的环境致跌危险因素。方法 调查415人,运用访谈、观察和查阅病历的方法收集资料。结果 发生在户外和家中的跌倒各占50%,多数跌倒与环境因素有关。环境危险因素主要是地在潮湿或台阶倾斜等易滑倒的因素,通道中有杂物、地面不平、梯级过高等易绊倒的因素。户外跌倒中67.5%有环境因素存在,而在家中的跌倒中为46.2%。能独自活动者58.7%的跌倒发生在户外,不能独自活动者81.3%的跌倒发生在家中。结论 环境危险因素是致老年人跌倒的重要因素,主要有易致滑倒和易致绊倒的因素,应对老年人的健康教育和家庭护理中引起重视。户外的环境危险因素对能独自活动者威胁更大,户外活动的安全是他们主要应重视的问题。居家环境危险因素对能独自活动者和不能独自活动者均构成威胁。对不能独自活动者来说,居家安全是预防跌倒的关键。     

Interventions for preventing falls in people post-stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BackgroundFalls are a serious challenge facing individuals post-stroke. In the past decades, various fall prevention interventions have been developed. It remains unknown if any of these interventions are effective in reducing falls in this population. Such a knowledge gap could impede the effort of preventing falls in people post-stroke.Research questions1) Are there effective interventions to prevent falls among people in the post-acute and chronic stages of stroke? and 2) How do fall prevention interventions change three key fall risk factors in this population: balance, mobility, and lower limb strength?MethodsEleven databases were searched for randomized controlled trials which included falls in people post-stroke as an outcome measure. Information on the participants, training protocol, and outcome measures were collected for each study. The primary outcome is the number of fallers and the explanatory variables included mean difference and standard deviation for fall risk factors. Studies were quality appraised using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and the funnel plot.ResultsThirteen studies enrolling 1352 participants were identified. Effect size quantified by the odds ratio (OR) for falls and standardized mean difference (SMD) for fall risk factors were calculated. Overall no intervention appears to be significantly more effective in preventing falls than placebo training (OR = 0.88 with a range of [0.23 3.66]; 95 % confidence interval = [0.64 1.21], p = 0.44). All interventions showed little effect in improving the fall risk factors (SMD = −0.01 to 0.06 and p-value = 0.38–0.86), except one (the combined treadmill and overground walking) which significantly improved mobility.SignificanceCurrently no program is effective in reducing falls in people post-stroke. Future studies should measure falls as a primary outcome based on a consistent definition of falls and reliable approaches to collect falls data.     

Evidence of slow and variable choice-stepping reaction time in cancer survivors with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy

BackgroundChemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is reported to affect up to 70 % of cancer survivors. Despite evidence that CIPN-related impairments often translate into balance and mobility deficits, the effects on stepping and quality of gait, well-documented risk factors for falls, are unclear.Aims(i) Establish choice-stepping reaction time (CSRT) performance in survivors with CIPN compared to young and older healthy controls and people with Parkinson’s disease; (ii) document walking stability; (iii) investigate relationships between stepping and gait data to objective and patient-reported outcomes.Methods41 cancer survivors with CIPN (mean (SD) age: 60.8 (9.7) years) who were ≥3months post chemotherapy, performed tests of simple and inhibitory CSRT. Walking stability measures were derived from 3-D accelerometry data during the 6-minute walk test. CIPN was assessed using neurological grading and patient-reported outcome measures (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire in CIPN Questionnaire scale EORTC CIPN20).ResultsIn both stepping tests, CIPN participants performed at the level of adults aged 10 years older and people with mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease. Mean (SD) total stepping response times in both CSRT (1160 (190) milliseconds) and inhibitory CSRT (1191 (164) milliseconds) tests were not associated with objective neurological grading but were correlated with increased difficulty feeling the ground. Participants with lower-limb vibration sensation deficit had slower and more variable CSRT times. There were no associations between walking stability and objective measures of CIPN, and limited correlations with the EORTC-CIPN20.ConclusionsCancer survivors with CIPN showed deficits in voluntary stepping responses and seemed to compensate for their sensory and motor deficits by walking slower to maintain stability. Objective and patient-reported outcomes of CIPN were correlated with slower and more variable stepping response times. Future studies should aim to identify the causes of the apparent premature decline in cognitive-motor function and develop remediating interventions.     

The effect of red light on backward masking in individuals with psychometrically defined schizotypy

Introduction. Previous research has suggested that individuals with schizophrenia and their relatives show a change in backward masking performance with a red background that is in the opposite qualitative direction as that found in nonpsychiatric controls. The present study examines this effect in individuals with psychometrically defined schizotypy to explore the potential of this effect to be a useful new qualitative endophenotype for schizophrenia-spectrum traits.

Methods. The Abbreviated Youth Psychosis At-Risk Questionnaire was used to screen a large number of undergraduates for schizotypy symptoms. A sample of 23 participants scoring high on this measure were compared to a sample of 26 controls on a location backward masking task that was presented on both red and green backgrounds.

Results. Consistent with findings in patients with schizophrenia, the participants reporting a high number of schizotypy features showed a decrease in performance to the red (compared to green) background and the controls showed a nonsignificant increase in performance—although this finding was limited to the stimulus–onset asynchrony (SOA) value that approximated the SOA with the largest effect size in the previous schizophrenia study (69 ms).

Conclusions. Although limited to one SOA, results extend earlier findings approximating this SOA to include a psychometrically defined schizotypy sample.     

Morse跌倒评估量表预测住院患者跌倒风险效果的Meta分析

目的应用Meta分析法综合评价Morse跌倒评估量表对住院患者跌倒风险预测的有效性。方法检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of science、Embase数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、CNKI、万方数据库、维普数据库,收集关于Morse跌倒评估量表预测跌倒风险的研究文献,检索时限为数据库建立至2019年9月30日。利用诊断准确性质量评价研究工具量表对纳入的文献进行质量评价,并采用Meta-Disc 1.4软件进行数据分析。结果最终纳入20篇文献,共48947例患者。异质性检验显示,纳入的研究存在异质性,通过随机效应模型计算合并敏感度为0.75(95%CI 0.73~0.77),合并特异度为0.64(95%CI 0.64~0.64),合并阳性似然比为2.45(95%CI 1.97~3.03),合并阴性似然比为0.39(95%CI 0.29~0.52),合并诊断比值比为6.58(95%CI 4.13~10.46),合并受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.78(SE=0.026)。结论Morse跌倒评估量表作为单独指标对住院患者跌倒风险预测有效性为中等水平。     

A review of cervical spine injury associated with maxillofacial trauma at a UK tertiary referral centre

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to determine the incidence and patterns of cervical spine injury (CSI) associated with maxillofacial fractures at a UK trauma centre.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted of 714 maxillofacial fracture patients presenting to a single trauma centre between 2006 and 2012.ResultsOf the 714 maxillofacial fracture patients, 2.2% had associated CSI including a fracture, cord contusion or disc herniation. In comparison, 1.0% of patients without maxillofacial trauma sustained a CSI (odds ratio: 2.2, p=0.01). The majority (88%) of CSI cases of were caused by a road traffic accident (RTA) with the remainder due to falls. While 8.8% of RTA related maxillofacial trauma patients sustained a CSI, only 2.0% of fall related patients did (p=0.03, not significant). Most (70%) of the CSIs occurred at C1/C2 or C6/C7 levels. Overall, 455, 220 and 39 patients suffered non-mandibular, isolated mandibular and mixed mandibular/non-mandibular fractures respectively. Their respective incidences of CSI were 1.5%, 1.8% and 12.8% (p=0.005, significant). Twelve patients with concomitant CSI had their maxillofacial fractures treated within twenty-four hours and all were treated within four days.ConclusionsThe presence of maxillofacial trauma mandates exclusion and prompt management of cervical spine injury, particularly in RTA and trauma cases involving combined facial fracture patterns. This approach will facilitate management of maxillofacial fractures within an optimum time period.     

护理风险管理在心血管住院病人跌倒中的应用

目的:探讨护理风险管理在预防心血管住院病人跌倒中的效果。方法:选择我院2008年2月~2010年3月心内科住院病人5794例为对照组,给予常规护理预防跌倒;选择2010年5月~2011年8月住院病人4508例为试验组,建立风险管理流程,进行有针对性的跌倒风险管理,包括跌倒风险识别、风险分析与风险评价、策略实施和效果评价。比较两组病人跌倒发生率。结果:对照组发生跌倒18例,跌倒发生率为0.31%;试验组发生跌倒4例,跌倒发生率0.11%,两组比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:预防跌倒风险管理流程可有效降低住院病人的跌倒风险。     

Fall Risk Index predicts functional decline regardless of fall experiences among community‐dwelling elderly

Aim: The 21‐item Fall Risk Index (FRI‐21) has been used to detect elderly persons at risk for falls. The aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the FRI‐21 as a predictor of decline in basic activities of daily living (BADL) among Japanese community‐dwelling elderly persons independent of fall risk. Methods: The study population consisted of 518 elderly participants aged 65 years and older who were BADL independent at baseline in Tosa, Japan. We examined risk factors for BADL decline from 2008 to 2009 by multiple logistic regression analysis on the FRI‐21 and other functional status measures in all participants. We carried out the same analysis in selected participants who had no experience of falls to remove the effect of falls. Results: A total of 45 of 518 participants showed decline in BADL within 1 year. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR] 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.20), FRI‐21 ≥ 10 (OR 3.81, 95% CI 1.49–9.27), intellectual activity dependence (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.42–7.44) and history of osteoarthropathy (OR 3.17, 95% CI 1.40–7.21) were significant independent risk factors for BADL decline within 1 year. FRI‐21 ≥ 10 and intellectual activity dependence (≤3) remained significant predictors, even in selected non‐fallers. Conclusion: FRI‐21 ≥ 10 and intellectual activity dependence were significant predictive factors of BADL decline, regardless of fall experience, after adjustment for confounding variables. The FRI‐21 is a brief, useful tool not only for predicting falls, but also future decline in functional ability in community‐dwelling elderly persons. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; ??: ??–?? .     

Performance of individuals with left hemisphere stroke and aphasia and individuals with right brain damage on forward and backward digit span tasks

Background: Working memory (WM) limitations have been suggested as a significant source of the linguistic processing deficits observed in individuals with aphasia (IWA). Digits forward (DF) and digits backward (DB) span tasks are frequently used to study WM in both healthy and clinical populations. Unfortunately only a handful of studies have explored digit span in IWA.

Aims: The purpose of the current study is to measure the DF and DB spans of IWA and compare their digit spans to a group with right brain damage, but no aphasia (RBD). Additionally, DF and DB span is compared within each group to determine if there is indeed a performance differential that may support the idea that DB is a more difficult WM task in these populations.

Methods & Procedures: A total of 17 IWA and 14 individuals with RBD participated in a DF and DB span task. Modifications to the span tasks were implemented to accommodate language deficits. A series of two digits were orally presented to each participant continuing to a maximum of eight digits. There were seven trials per digit series. Participants were asked to point to the correct order of digits on a written one- to nine-digit list provided on individual note cards or to verbally repeat the numbers if the participant was able to do so.

Outcomes & Results: IWA demonstrated shorter digit spans than the RBD group. Both groups performed worse on the DB span tasks than the DF span tasks.

Conclusions: The results are consistent with previous studies suggesting that DB span is shorter than DF span in other populations and that there are differences in performance on digit span tasks between the two groups. The differences between RBD group and IWA may be explained by decreased attentional capacity or inefficient resource allocation in IWA, or alternatively, a deficient phonological loop. Future studies should explore these possibilities.     

Maximum principle for optimal control of anticipated forward–backward stochastic differential delayed systems with regime switching

This paper is concerned with a Pontryagin maximum principle for optimal control problem of stochastic system, which is described by an anticipated forward–backward stochastic differential delayed equation and modulated by a continuous‐time finite‐state Markov chain. We establish a necessary maximum principle and sufficient verification theorem for the optimal control by virtue of the duality method and convex analysis. To illustrate the theoretical results, we apply them to a recursive utility investment‐consumption problem, and the optimal consumption rate is derived explicitly. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.