关节腔内给予地佐辛用于膝关节镜的临床观察

目的 评价关节腔内给予地佐辛对膝关节镜术后镇痛的影响。方法 选择择期行膝关节镜手术患者60例,随机分为A、B两组：A组关节腔内注射地佐辛5 mg（用生理盐水配制成10 mL）;B组关节腔内注射等量生理盐水10 mL。记录术后1、4、6、8、12和24 h患者在屈膝关节90°状态下的疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）,记录术毕至首次需要镇痛药时间以及术后不良反应的发生情况。结果 A组术后1,4,6,8,12 h的VAS评分分别为（2.3±0.6,2.6±0.5,3.0±0.5,2.8±0.6,2.9±0.7）明显低于B组（4.5±0.7,5.3±0.6,5.8±0.8,5.9±0.5,5.6±0.6）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,术后首次要求使用镇痛药物时间A组（265±40）min明显长于B组（62±11）min,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 关节腔内给予地佐辛用于膝关节镜能够提供良好的术后镇痛效果,延长术后镇痛时间。     

国产氨羟丙基双磷酸盐治疗骨转移癌疼痛疗效观察

 目的 观察国产氨羟丙基双磷酸盐(APD)对恶性肿瘤骨转移引起疼痛的治疗效果和活动能力改善情况。方法 30例确诊为恶性肿瘤伴骨转移疼痛患者均静滴APD 90 mg。结果 止痛显效7例,有效17例,总有效率80%。活动能力改善效果：显效6例,有效7例,总有效率59.1%。大部分病例3 d起效,维持28 d。不良反应主要为发热(20%)。结论 国产APD对恶性肿瘤骨转移疼痛和由此引起的活动能力减退有良好的治疗效果。     

硬膜外麻醉时皮肤电传导变化的临床观察

目的探讨硬膜外麻醉时皮肤电传导(SC)基态值和反应波的变化。方法选择25例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级下肢手术患者。记录硬膜外给药前(T0)、给予1%利多卡因5ml后5min(T1)、给予0.75%罗哌卡因10ml后5、10、15、25和45min(T2～T6)时的SC基态值(SC0)、针刺非阻滞区SC反应波的振幅差值(SC1)和痛觉阻滞区的SC反应波的振幅差值(SC2)。使用ROC曲线、逻辑回归分析评价SC反应波的振幅差值区分痛觉阻滞区和非阻滞区的准确性。结果与T0时比较,T3～T6时的SC0及SC1的均值明显降低(P<0.05),T1～T6时SC2明显低于SC1(P<0.05)。SC反应波的振幅差值ROC曲线下面积为0.928±0.017(P<0.01),特异性与敏感性分别为78%和88%,预测整体准确率84%。结论 SC基态值及反应波振幅差值的变化对定位硬膜外麻醉平面有一定指导作用。     

Epidural spinal tumor and periaortitis as rare complications of Wegener’s granulomatosis

Abstract

This case report describes findings in a 61-year-old woman who manifested scleritis, small pulmonary nodules, otitis media, periaortitis, and progressive epidural spinal tumor, associated with elevated serum myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) levels. She was clinically diagnosed with Wegener’s granulomatosis, although vasculitis was not diagnosed due to the lack of typical histological findings. We discuss the differential diagnosis in this patient, and the association of MPO-ANCA with periaortitis or epidural spinal tumor.     

The ‘Hyperactive’ Child

A new, more apt designation, attentional deficit disorder (ADD), may help dispel some of the myths that have surrounded the “hyperactive” child. An abnormally high level of physical activity is a common but not universal finding in these children but is not their central problem. In most affected children, early diagnosis and specific drug treatment can ward off the often disastrous psychiatric and social consequences of ADD.     

P REHOSPITAL U SE OF A NALGESIA FOR S USPECTED E XTREMITY F RACTURES

Introduction. Pain and its control have been studied extensively in the emergency department. Numerous studies indicate that inadequate treatment of pain is common, despite the availability of myriad analgesics. It has been suggested that oligoanesthesia is also a common practice in the prehospital setting. Objective. To assess the use of prehospital analgesia in patients with suspected extremity fracture. Methods. Emergency medical services (EMS) call reports were reviewed for all patients with suspected extremity fractures treated from June 1997 to July 1998 in a midwestern community with a population base of 223,000. Data collected included demographic information, mechanism of injury, medications given, and field treatment. Standing orders for administration of analgesia were available and permitted paramedics to give either morphine sulfate or nitrous oxide per protocol. Results. The EMS call reports were analyzed for 1,073 patients with suspected extremity fractures. The mean patient age was 47 years. Accidental injuries comprised 86.5% of those reviewed. Suspected leg fractures were most common (20%), followed by hips (18%), arms (11%), knees (10%), ankles (9%), shoulders (7.2%), hands (5.5%), and wrists (5.3%). Multiple trauma and assorted broken digits accounted for the remaining 14%. The most common mechanisms of injury were: fall (43%), motor vehicle collision (21%), and human assault (10%). Intravenous lines were placed in 9.4% of patients; 17% received ice packs; 16% received bandage/dressings; 25% received air splints; and 19% were fully immobilized. Analgesia was administered to 18 patients (1.8%): 16 patients received nitrous oxide and two received morphine. Conclusion. Administration of analgesics to prehospital patients with suspected fractures was rare. Prehospital identification and treatment of pain for patients with musculoskeletal trauma could be improved.     

硬膜外麻醉上腹部手术围手术期膈肌功能研究

目的 :观察硬膜外麻醉上腹部手术 (UAS)病人围手术期膈肌功能变化。方法 :在连续硬膜外麻醉下行上腹部手术病人 12例 ,麻醉前置入胃管 ,同步监测胃内压 (Pga)与呼出气CO2 分压曲线 ,记录术前、术后 1、4、8小时平静呼吸时胃内压变化 (ΔPga)、RR、VT。吸气时Pga降低 (记为ΔPga =- 1)为腹部反常呼吸运动 ,吸气时Pga上升 (记为ΔPga =+1)。结果 :所有病人术前ΔPga均为 +1,于术后 1小时出现ΔPga =- 1(P <0 0 0 1) ,并且持续至术后 8小时。RR加快 (从术前 15 2± 2 1至术后 1、4、8小时分别为 2 0 2± 2 5、2 2 6± 2 8、2 1 8± 2 2P <0 0 0 1)、VT 减少 (由术前2 98± 16ml/m2 至术后 1、4、8小时分别为 2 2 5± 2 7、197± 2 5、2 19± 2 2ml/m2 P <0 0 0 1)。结论 :与全麻下UAS类似 ,硬膜外麻醉下UAS亦引起术后膈肌功能障碍     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting in children using patient-controlled analgesia: the effect of prophylactic intravenous dixyrazine

BACKGROUND: Although patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine provides a high degree of satisfactory postoperative analgesia in children, it is often associated with a high incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Our aim in this study was to evaluate the prophylactic effect of dixyrazine, a phenothiazine with proven anti-emetic properties. METHODS: The incidence of nausea and vomiting was studied in 60 children using PCA after major surgery. The patients were randomised to receive either dixyrazine 0.25 mg kg-1 or placebo on the induction of anaesthesia in a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. The anaesthetic technique was standardised. The PCA pump was programmed to deliver bolus doses of morphine of 20 micrograms kg-1 with a continuous background infusion of 8-10 micrograms kg-1 h-1. Nausea, vomiting, sedation and pain scores were noted every 3 h for a period of 24 h. RESULTS: The morphine consumption of morphine was the same in both groups. During the stay in the recovery room the incidence of vomiting was 3% in the dixyrazine group compared to 30% in the placebo group (P < 0.05). On the ward, 57% versus 83% of the children vomited (P < 0.05). Rescue antiemetics were significantly lower, 30%, in the dixyrazine group compared to 60% in the placebo group (P < 0.05). Higher sedation scores were recorded for the dixyrazine group in the recovery room. No other adverse effects were found. CONCLUSION: A significant number of children using PCA with morphine after major surgery experience PONV. Although prophylactic dixyrazine reduces the incidence and severity of vomiting, the incidence still remains high.     

Postoperative Pain Therapy After Lumbar Disc Surgery

Summary  Object. This study was undertaken to determine whether a special postoperative pain administration of tramadol and diclofenac provides any benefits in patients who underwent microsurgical lumbar discectomy.  Methods. The study consisted of 60 patients undergoing microsurgical lumbar discectomy. Patients were randomly divided into two groups based on the postoperative pain management: 1) Group A (n=30): no standardized pain therapy; these patients received on demand different analgesics and at variable dosages which were selected by the neurosurgeons; 2) Group B (n=30): standardized pain therapy with specific dosages of tramadol and diclofenac in regular time intervals during the first 48 hours after surgery. After surgery follow-up data from a special standardized questionnaire were obtained for all 60 patients during the first 48–72 postoperative hours. The patients were asked for course and intensity of pain as well as about some specific circumstances of clinical therapy after surgery.  The postoperative pain intensity of patients treated with the special combination of tramadol and diclofenac was significantly diminished (24 hours after surgery: p=0.0002, 48 h: p=0.0047, 72 h: p=0.0034) in relation to the group without standardized pain therapy. Similarly, the frequency of breakthrough pain was significantly reduced (24 h: p=0.0001, 48 h: p=0.003, 72 h: p=0.004).  Conclusions. The results suggest that the application of tramadol and diclofenac during the first 48 hours after lumbar microdiscectomy results in a reduction in postoperative pain without complications. We suggest that the use of this combination can be a beneficial adjunct to lumbar disc surgery.     

Intraarticular, epidural, and intravenous analgesia after total knee arthroplasty

BACKGROUND: After total knee arthroplasty, patients regularly suffer from severe pain. It is unclear whether epidural or systemic pain therapy is superior in terms of postoperative pain relief, patients' comfort and side effects. A new therapeutic approach, intraarticular opioids, has been suggested with the detection of opioid receptors in inflamed tissue. This method has proven suitable for clinical use in small operations (e.g. knee arthroscopy). In this study, we compared epidural analgesia and intraarticular application of morphine plus "on-demand" intravenous analgesia to "on-demand" intravenous analgesia alone. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients, scheduled for total knee arthroplasty, were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: in group 1 (EPI) patients received bolus doses of morphine via an epidural catheter; in group 2 (IA) an intraarticular bolus of 1 mg of morphine was applied at the end of the operation with subsequent use of a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump; group 3 (Control), in which only PCA was provided, served as control for both analgesic procedures. Main outcome measures included visual analogue pain scales, total morphine consumption, and stress hormones. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in visual analogue pain scales could be detected between the three groups. Application of intraarticular morphine did not reduce the amount of analgesics required for postoperative analgesia as compared to intravenous analgesia alone. Application of epidural morphine significantly suppressed beta-endorphine release, but did not significantly influence other stress hormones as compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Epidural and intravenous analgesia after total knee arthroplasty are equivalent methods of pain relief. In major orthopaedic procedures, application of intraarticular morphine does not reduce analgesic requirements.