显微镜下输精管附睾吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症的初步效果

目的 探讨显微镜下输精管附睾吻合术的技术及应用价值. 方法梗阻性无精子症患者98例,平均年龄31(20～43)岁,平均梗阻时间4年.术前至少2次精液常规检查未见精子,性激素水平正常,睾丸活检证实睾丸生精功能正常.经阴囊探查发现附睾发育异常22例,输精管梗阻18例,附睾体或尾部梗阻58例.对58例附睾体尾部梗阻患者行显微镜下输精管附睾吻合术.术后3个月复查精液常规,精子密度＞1×104个/ml证实为精道复通,随访至配偶怀孕. 结果58例患者术后失访8例.50例随访3～29个月,其中精液中可见精子36例,精f密度(4×104)～(2×108)个/ml,精子活力2%～70%.4例随访12个月仍无精子,建议辅助生殖.10例无精子者继续随访至少12个月.配偶自然受孕14例.术后总体复通率72%(36例),自然受孕率28%(14例),平均受孕时间为6.6(4.0～10.0)个月. 结论显微镜卜输精管附睾吻合术治疗部分梗阻性无精子患者,可提高复通率.     

多原发大肠癌的临床诊断和外科治疗

目的 探讨多原发大肠癌的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法.方法 对1998-2007年收治的47例同时性多原发大肠癌和20例异时性多原发大肠癌患者的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析.结果 67例多原发大肠癌中同时性多原发大肠癌47例(占70%),其中直肠癌占39%.Dukes分期(以病理分期最晚的一个为准):A期6例,B期22例,C期15例,D期4例.67例中伴有淋巴结转移者20例,肠腔内伴有息肉者21例,无息肉者26例.行全结肠切除术3例,结肠次全切除术10例,根治性手术加肠段联合切除术34例.异时性多原发癌20例(占30%),共有癌灶44个,以结肠癌多见,共31例(占70%),二原发癌17例,三原发癌2例,四原发癌1例.与原发癌间隔时间7个月至19年,其中<2年者7例,2～5年者5例,>5年者8例.20例异时性多原发癌的初发癌均行根治性手术,14例二次癌和2例三次癌均行根治性切除术.同时性多原发大肠癌和异时性多原发癌初发癌根治术后5年生存率分别为74%和78%.结论 治疗大肠癌切忌满足于单一肠段或单个肿瘤的诊断和治疗,应利用结肠镜对全肠道进行仔细地检查,以便于及时发现大肠的多原发肿瘤;在根治性切除肠道肿瘤的同时应尽可能多地保留残存的正常肠道,从而更好地改善患者术后的生活质量.     

高风险患者腹主动脉瘤手术与腔内治疗效果的比较

目的 比较高风险患者腹主动脉瘤(abdominal aortic aneurysm,AAA)手术治疗(opensurgical repair,OSR)与腔内治疗(endovascular aneurysm repair,EVAR)的效果,探讨高风险患者AAA治疗方式的选择.方法 利用(customized probability index,CPI)危险评分方法[1]筛选出我院1998年至2008年高风险患者55例,比较OSR组(20例)与EVAR组(35例)围手术期及术后近期结果.结果 OSR组随访率100%,平均随访6年3个月.EVAR组随访率94%,平均随访5年10个月.(1)手术时间高风险患者EVAR组(3.1±0.6)h短于OSR组[(4.9±0.9)h(P<0.05)];(2)EVAR组术中出血、ICU时间和住院时间均短于OSR组(P<0.01);(3)围手术期死亡率EVAR组(2.86%)明显低于OSR组(15.00%);(4)术后并发症发生率EVAR组(17%)明显低于OSR组(40%);(5)EVAR组术后并发症主要为内漏(8.57%);(6)OSR组并发症主要为心脏相关性疾病(25%).结论 EVAR对于高风险患者AAA的治疗可以更少的导致围手术期心血管事件的发生,降低围手术期的死亡率和并发症发生率.CPI可以相对准确评估血管手术围手术期死亡率和并发症的发生率,可用于指导围手术期的治疗策略.     

全胸腔镜下非小细胞肺癌淋巴结清扫的临床研究

目的探讨电视胸腔镜下非小细胞肺癌根治术中区域淋巴结清扫的临床效果。方法选取我院2007年5月～2008年10月31例周围型非小细胞肺癌,在全胸腔镜（VATS组,n=14）及胸腔镜辅助小切口（VAMT组,n=17）下行肺癌根治术,比较2组术中清扫淋巴结数、转移的阳性淋巴结数及术后随访情况。结果2组患者无围手术期死亡及严重围手术期并发症,VATS组手术时间（193±92）min与VAMT组（188±101）min相比无统计学差异（t=0.143,P=0.887）,VATS组术中出血量（592±123）ml与VAMT组（648±120）ml相比无统计学差异（t=-1.297,P=0.211）,VAMT组每例清扫淋巴结数（14.6±7.5）枚与VATS组（15.2±4.5）枚无统计学差异显著性（t=0.262,P=0.795）,术后1年内复发或转移率VATS组（3/14,21.4%）与VAMT组（2/15,13.3%）相比无统计学差异（P=0.651）。结论全胸腔镜下肺癌根治术不辅加胸部小切口,在减少创伤的同时可完成标准的肺癌根治术。     

Surgery for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of the Stomach

Background  Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the main mesenchymal neoplasms in the gastrointestinal tract. Tumor size, mitotic rate, and location correlate with potential malignancy and recurrence rate. Results of surgical treatment of gastric GIST are analyzed with emphasis on recurrence of disease after intermediate follow-up. Methods  From 1998 to 2006, a total of 63 patients (median age 62.1 ± 14.1) underwent gastric resection for GIST. Fifty-five patients (93.6%) returned for follow-up investigations, which included computed tomography in 45, gastroscopy in 32, and endosonography in 29. Positron emission tomography was done in five patients. Results  Mean tumor size was 5.3 ± 3.8 cm. Open atypical gastric resection was done in 32, distal gastric resection in five, and remnant gastrectomy in four patients. Laparoscopic gastric resection was initiated in 22 patients; the conversion rate was four of 22 (18.2%). Overall, R0 resection was reached in 61/63 patients (96.8%). According to the Fletcher criteria, 33 tumors (52.4%) were classified as intermediate or high risk GIST. Six patients (9.5%) died of unrelated causes before follow-up. After a median follow-up of 2.5 years, overall recurrence rate was 7.0% after R0 resection. Conclusion  Histologically proven complete resection is an effective treatment for gastric GIST. Laparoscopic procedures were carried out successfully in selected patients. Preliminary data were presented at the annual meeting of the European Association of Endoscopic Surgeons, Berlin 2006. No research grants funded this study.     

Early Changes in Postprandial Gallbladder Emptying in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Correlation with the Occurrence of Biliary Sludge and Gallstones

Background  Gallstones have been frequently diagnosed after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP). Gallbladder stasis associated with duodenal exclusion may play a role in their pathogenesis. Methods  Gallbladder emptying was studied before and on the 30th and 31st postoperative days (POD) after RYGBP in 20 morbidly obese patients. Gallbladder volume after fasting and every 15 min during a 2-h period following administration of a standard liquid meal was determined by sonography. On the 31st POD, the meal was administered through the gastrostomy in order to promote its transit through the duodenum. Fasting volume (FV), maximum ejection fraction (Max EF), and residual volume (RV) were determined. Biliary sludge and calculi were investigated after 1 and 6 months, respectively. Results  FV was 39.4 ± 20.2 ml, 50.1 ± 22.7 ml, and 47.9 ± 23.4 ml, respectively, for the preoperative and two postoperative assessments (P = 0.09). RV was 7.6 ± 8.7 ml, 25.1 ± 20.0 ml, and 24.6 ± 20.9 ml; and Max EF was 80.5 ± 20.9%, 54.3 ± 21.4%, and 50.5 ± 29.0%, respectively, for the pre-, postoral, and postgastrostomy infusion measurements. There was only a significant difference between the preoperative value and the two postoperative values (P < 0.001). Biliary sludge was detected in 65% of the patients and 46% of them subsequently developed gallstones. Conclusions  Gallbladder emptying became significantly compromised after RYGBP. This impairment was unrelated to duodenal exclusion but it was associated with biliary sludge and stone formation.     

Reduced Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula Rate After Pancreatogastrostomy Versus Pancreaticojejunostomy

Introduction  Metaanalysis of retrospective studies employing various definitions of pancreatic fistulas demonstrated a reduced postoperative pancreatic fistula rate after pancreatogastrostomy versus pancreaticojejunostomy. Prospective trials failed to do so, which causes an ongoing debate on the superiority of one or the other procedure. The aim of this study was to compare the two types of anastomosis at our institution with regard to postoperative pancreatic fistula and other complications. Materials and Methods  From 2001 to 2007, 114 pancreatogastrostomies and 115 pancreaticojejunostomies were performed. For retrospective analysis, the ISGPS definitions were employed. Primary endpoint was the occurrence of postoperative pancreatic fistula grade B or C. Secondary endpoints were postpancreatectomy hemorrhage, delayed gastric emptying, intraabdominal fluid collection, reoperation, and mortality. Operative time, intensive care unit stay, and overall hospital stay were also compared. Results  With pancreatogastrostomy, there were significantly less postoperative pancreatic fistulae grade B and C (pancreatogastrostomy (PG) versus pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ), 11.4% versus 22.6%, p = 0.03), more intraluminal hemorrhage (PG versus PJ, 10.5% versus 0%, p < 0.001) and more delayed gastric emptying grade B and C (PG versus PJ, 18.3% versus 7.9%, p = 0.03). Operative time was shorter (PG versus PJ, median 420 versus 450 min, p < 0.01), and intensive care unit stay was longer (PG versus PJ, median 4 days versus 5 days, p < 0.01), with a tendency toward reduced overall hospital stay (PG versus PJ, median 17 versus 19 days, p = 0.08). Conclusion  Surgeons should be aware of a higher rate of delayed gastric emptying and perform meticulous hemostasis to prevent intraluminal bleeding with pancreatogastrostomy. Pancreatogastrostomy is superior to pancreaticojejunostomy in terms of relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula.     

Hiatal Hernia, Lower Esophageal Sphincter Incompetence, and Effectiveness of Nissen Fundoplication in the Spectrum of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Background and Aims  Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a spectrum of disease that includes nonerosive reflux disease (NERD), erosive reflux disease (ERD), and Barrett’s esophagus (BE). Treatment outcomes for patients with different stages have differed in many studies. In particular, acid suppressant medication therapy is reported to be less effective for treating patients with NERD and Barrett’s esophagus. The aims of this study were to investigate (1) the role of mechanical factors including hiatal hernia and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) competence in the spectrum of GERD and (2) outcomes of Nissen fundoplication. Methods  From the records of patients who had undergone laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication after an abnormal pH study, we identified 50 symptomatic consecutive patients with each of the GERD stages: (1) NERD, (2) mild ERD, defined as esophagitis that was healed with acid suppression therapy, (3) severe ERD, defined as esophagitis that persisted despite medical therapy, and (4) BE. Exclusion criteria were normal distal esophageal acid exposure, esophageal pH monitoring performed elsewhere, antireflux surgery less than 1 year previously or previous fundoplication, and a named esophageal motility disorder or distal esophageal low amplitude hypomotility. Patients who could not be contacted for the study were also excluded. All patients completed a detailed preoperative questionnaire; underwent preoperative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, stationary manometry, and distal esophageal pH monitoring; and were interviewed at least 1 year after operation. Results  One hundred sixty patients meeting the entry criteria were studied. The mean follow-up period was 36.7 months. The only significant preoperative symptom difference was that patients with BE had more moderately severe or severe dysphagia compared to patients with NERD. Patients with severe ERD or BE had a significantly higher prevalence of hiatal hernia, lower LES pressures, and more esophageal acid exposure. Hiatal hernia and hypotensive LES were present in most patients with severe ERD or BE but in only a minority of patients with NERD or mild ERD. Surgical therapy resulted in similarly excellent symptom outcomes for patients in all GERD categories. Conclusions  Compared to mild ERD and NERD, severe ERD and BE are associated with significantly greater loss of the mechanical antireflux barrier as reflected in the presence of hiatal hernia and LES measurements. Restoration of the antireflux barrier and hernia reduction by laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication provides similarly excellent symptom control in all patients.     

AKI网络定义的急性肾损伤在心脏手术后患者中的发生情况及其危险因素和预后分析

目的 了解心脏手术后急性肾损伤（AKI）的发生情况,危险因素及预后。 方法 回顾性分析2004年1月1日至2007年6月30日期间所有在本院行心脏手术的住院患者的临床资料。采用AKI 网络（AKI Network, AKIN）推荐的AKI定义评估心脏手术后AKI的患病率及住院病死率,对术前、术中、术后与AKI发生可能相关的危险因素进行分析。 结果 总共1056例患者中,术后发生AKI者328例,患病率为31.06%。AKI患者的住院病死率显著高于非AKI患者（11.59% 比 0.69%,P < 0.01）。多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示,高龄（每增加10岁,发生AKI的风险上升1.40倍）、术前高尿酸血症（OR = 1.97）、术前左心功能不全（OR = 2.53）、冠脉旁路移植术（CABG）联合瓣膜手术（OR = 2.79）、手术时间延长（每增加1 h,发生AKI的风险上升1.43倍）、术后循环血容量不足（OR = 11.08）是心脏手术后AKI发生的独立危险因素。 结论 AKI是心脏手术后常见的并发症,AKI患者预后较差。高龄、术前高尿酸血症、术前左心功能不全、CABG联合瓣膜手术、手术时间延长、术后循环血容量不足是心脏手术后AKI发生的独立危险因素。     

Medpor在颧骨颧弓低平畸形矫正治疗中的应用

目的：介绍高密度多孔聚乙烯（Medpor）在颧骨颧弓低平畸形矫正中的临床应用。方法：对49例先天性或外伤所致颧骨颧弓低平畸形以Medpor作为移植材料,在颧骨颧弓表面贴附充填。结果：随访6月～7年,49例颧部低平畸形均获得矫正,外形效果满意,无感染、假体外露等并发症。结论：Medpor置入颧骨颧弓低平畸形,是一种安全有效的方法。