经十二指肠镜括约肌切开胆总管结石的处理(附168例报告)

目的：采用各种方法处理不同大小的胆总管结石。方法：于1986年3月至1996年9月经内镜括约肌切开（EST）治疗胆总管结石168例，其中单颗结石63例，2颗结石56例，3颗以上结石49例，最多一例8颗结石，结石的直径为5～25mm不等。结果：165例（98．2％）切开成功，3例失败。161例（95．8％）结石排出，其中96例（59．6％）结石自然排入肠道，57例（35．4％）采用网篮或气囊取出结石，6例（3．7％）采用碎石网篮碎石后排出，2例（1．2％）经震波碎石后排出。术后出现胃肠道出血1例（0．6％），胰腺炎1例（0．6％），胆管炎3例（1．8％）。48例术后行胃肠钡餐检查，43例胆道内无钡剂返流，2例胆道内有积气，3例有钡剂返流入胆道，但无临床症状。结论：EST是目前治疗胆管结石的重要手段之一。     

经自然腔道内镜手术研究进展

经自然腔道内镜手术（NOTES）利用人体自然开口和管腔，通过内镜进人体腔进行内镜手术。在动物模型上经胃、结肠、阴道、甚至膀胱，食管等腔道进入腹腔、纵隔，已经成功施行腹腔探查、肝脏活检、胃肠吻合、阑尾切除、胆囊切除、输卵管结扎、子宫部分切除、肾切除、脾脏切除、胰腺尾部切除、纵隔探查等手术：最近有成功应用于临床的报道。虽设备及技术逐渐完善，但还有许多问题有待解决，如：入路途径和切口闭合等问题。随着技术和观念的进步，经自然腔道内镜手术有望再次革新傲创外科手术。     

中国胃癌诊治关键在于提高早期诊断率

我国是胃癌大国,胃癌早期诊断率低（ < 10%）,在胃癌高危人群中进行筛查和内镜早期诊断、早期治疗是改变我国胃癌诊治现状的高效可行途径。为此,中华医学会消化内镜学分会等制定了《中国早期胃癌筛查及内镜诊治共识意见》。本文对该共识意见中我国胃癌诊治现状、病因、高危人群以及如何提高早期胃癌诊断率做了解读,并综述了近几年血清学检查和内镜技术在早期胃癌诊断中的应用进展。该共识认为,采用非侵入性诊断方法筛选出胃癌高风险人群,继而进行有目的的内镜下精查是较为可行且高效的诊断策略。     

内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术对胰腺合并肝脏占位的诊断价值

2020年2—5月间,首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院消化内科对5例胰腺占位合并肝脏占位患者进行了内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术检查。胰腺占位3例位于胰头、1例位于胰颈、1例位于胰体,最大径3.2~4.6 cm,经2~4针穿刺,5例胰腺穿刺组织学和细胞学均为阳性。肝脏占位3例为肝左叶单发占位、1例为肝左叶多发占位、1例为肝左叶和肝右叶多发占位,最大径0.4~1.2 cm,经1~3针穿刺,4例患者肝脏穿刺细胞学和（或）组织学结果为阳性,余1例穿刺物涂片细胞学结果为阴性。5例术后均未出现腹痛、发热、出血、穿孔、感染、胰漏、高淀粉酶血症等并发症。由此可见,内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术对胰腺占位合并肝脏占位同时进行穿刺诊断是安全和有效的。     

经内镜痔上直肠黏膜套扎治疗内痔并脱出112例临床观察（含视频）

目的 评估经内镜痔上直肠黏膜套扎（super-hemorrhoidal banding,SHB）治疗内痔并脱出的安全性和有效性。方法 对2019年6月—2020年6月黔东南苗族侗族自治州人民医院收治的112例Ⅱ~Ⅲ度内痔患者进行SHB治疗。随访时间超过6个月。前瞻性观察SHB治疗内痔并脱出的疗效,术中、术后并发症及满意度。结果 共112例内痔患者接受SHB治疗,其中Ⅱ度74例（66.1%）,Ⅲ度38例（33.9%）。患者手术均成功,术中无肛门疼痛、出血等症状。术后出现不同程度肛门坠胀感,持续2~24 h后症状消除。5例Ⅲ度内痔患者术后出现排尿困难,局部热敷刺激膀胱后得到改善;1例Ⅲ度内痔患者术后第14天便血,在出血溃疡处再次套扎治疗出血停止。患者均完成随访,术后1个月随访,均无出血、疼痛、感染、狭窄等并发症。18例Ⅲ度内痔患者术后仍有部分痔脱出,但无出血等其他症状,其中6例患者再次行SHB治疗后无痔脱出。全部患者完成术后6个月随访,无并发症发生,调查患者满意度为100.0%。结论 SHB是一种有效、安全、简便的内镜下治疗内痔合并脱出的方法。     

Evolving role of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: Going beyond diagnosis

Inflammatory bowel disease, encompassing Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, are chronic immune-mediated inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract with periods of activity and remission. Large body of evidence exist to strengthen the prognostic role of endoscopic evaluation for both disease activity and severity and it remains the gold standard for the assessment of mucosal healing. Mucosal healing has been associated with improved clinical outcomes with prolonged remission, decreased hospitalization, IBD-related surgeries and colorectal cancer risk. Therefore, endoscopic objectives in IBD have been incorporated as part of standard care. With the known increased risk of colorectal cancer in IBD, although prevention strategies continue to develop, regular surveillance for early detection of neoplasia continue to be paramount in IBD patients’ care. It is thanks to evolving technology and visualization techniques that surveillance strategies are continuously advancing. Therapeutic endoscopic options in IBD have also been expanding, from surgery sparing therapies such as balloon dilation of fibrostenotic strictures in CD to endoscopic mucosal resection of neoplastic lesions. In this review article, we discuss the current evidence on the use of endoscopy as part of standard of care of IBD, its role in surveillance of neoplasia, and the role of interventional endoscopic therapies.     

Status quo and future prospects of artificial neural network from the perspective of gastroenterologists

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are one of the primary types of artificial intelligence and have been rapidly developed and used in many fields. In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in research concerning ANNs in gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. This state-of-the-art technique exhibits excellent performance in diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and treatment. Competitions between ANNs and GI experts suggest that efficiency and accuracy might be compatible in virtue of technique advancements. However, the shortcomings of ANNs are not negligible and may induce alterations in many aspects of medical practice. In this review, we introduce basic knowledge about ANNs and summarize the current achievements of ANNs in GI diseases from the perspective of gastroenterologists. Existing limitations and future directions are also proposed to optimize ANN’s clinical potential. In consideration of barriers to interdisciplinary knowledge, sophisticated concepts are discussed using plain words and metaphors to make this review more easily understood by medical practitioners and the general public.     

Artificial intelligence-assisted endoscopic detection of esophageal neoplasia in early stage: The next step?

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract and originates from the epithelium of the esophageal mucosa. It has been confirmed that early EC lesions can be cured by endoscopic therapy, and the curative effect is equivalent to that of surgical operation. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is still the gold standard for EC diagnosis. The accuracy of endoscopic examination results largely depends on the professional level of the examiner. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied in the screening of early EC and has shown advantages; notably, it is more accurate than less-experienced endoscopists. This paper reviews the application of AI in the field of endoscopic detection of early EC, including squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, and describes the relevant progress. Although up to now most of the studies evaluating the clinical application of AI in early EC endoscopic detection are focused on still images, AI-assisted real-time detection based on live-stream video may be the next step.     

内镜下取石气囊扩张法治疗胆总管结石

目的　探讨内镜下取石气囊扩张 (EBD)治疗胆总管结石的可能性、有效性及安全性。方法　对 4 7例胆总管结石患者进行了内镜下以取石气囊扩张Oddi括约肌及用气囊、网篮及机械碎石等方法取石治疗。为预防并发胰腺炎 ,术后酌情应用了善得定、鼻胆管引流及十二指肠乳头小切开等措施。结果　本组患者EBD治疗胆总管结石的成功率为 91 5 % ( 4 3 / 4 7)。一次EBD治疗后 4 1例 ( 87 2 % )结石全部取出 ,有 2例 ( 4 3 % )患者经第 2次EBD治疗后将结石全部取出 ,避免了内镜下乳头括约肌切开 (EST)。 4 7例患者中 2 7例 ( 5 7 4 % )结石直径大于 1 0cm ,施行了机械碎石术。 4例 ( 8 5 % )患者因结石太大 (≥ 2 0cm ) ,EBD治疗未成功 ,改行EST取出结石。本组患者无穿孔及出血并发症。 11例 ( 2 3 4 % )术后血清淀粉酶一过性升高 ,其中只有 1例伴有腹痛 ,经内科保守治疗迅速缓解。结论　EBD治疗胆总管结石可行、有效、安全。