不同年龄段儿童七氟烷麻醉术后躁动的临床观察

目的比较不同年龄段儿童吸入七氟烷全身麻醉术后躁动的发生情况以及对相关因素的探讨分析。方法90例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期行颌面整形手术患儿,按年龄段分成三组:Ⅰ组即婴儿组(2月～1岁);Ⅱ组即学龄前组(2～5岁);Ⅲ组即学龄组(6-10岁)。各组麻醉维持均单纯吸入七氟烷。观察各组术后躁动的发生率、持续时间以及恶心、呕吐等并发症。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均有术后躁动发生,Ⅱ组发生率及持续时间分别为56.7%、11.2±8.4min高于Ⅰ组的33.3%、5.2±3.7min和Ⅲ组的36.7%、5.7±3.5min(P<0.05)。躁动患儿中有5例发生恶心、呕吐。结论与婴儿和学龄儿童相比,学龄前儿童在吸入七氟烷全身麻醉下行颌面整形手术后更易发生术后躁动,因此针对儿童麻醉个性化反应,对其围手术期麻醉应进一步合理完善。     

Characterizing major depression phenotypes by presence and type of psychomotor disturbance in adolescents and young adults

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is phenomenologically heterogeneous, which has prompted investigation of intermediate MDD phenotypes based on specific key symptoms. Presence and type of psychomotor disturbance may be an important psychopathologic feature that differentiates clinically distinct forms of juvenile MDD. This study examined the phenotypic status of three putative MDD phenotypes in a community sample of 941 youths: (1) agitated depression (MDD with psychomotor agitation), (2) retarded depression (MDD with psychomotor retardation), and (3) agitated-retarded depression (MDD with psychomotor agitation and retardation within an episode). Hasler et al.'s [2004: Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1765-1781] criteria of specificity (degree of association with relevant symptoms and conditions related to the disease of interest versus other psychiatric conditions), stability (degree of stability over time), and heritability (degree of familial aggregation with relevant conditions) were used to evaluate the phenotypic significance of these subtypes. Results were suggestive that agitated depression was a relatively specific phenotypic syndrome characterized by irritability, arousal, physical complaints, and vulnerability to anxiety disorders and alcohol dependence; low stability across depressive episodes; and low heritability. Agitated-retarded depression was relatively specific and characterized by increased severity, recurrence, vegetative symptoms, suicidal ideation, social impairment, endogeneity, and vulnerability to anxiety disorders and bulimia; low stability across episodes; and modest heritability. Although retarded depression was associated with some specific distinguishing characteristics, most associations were explained by the increased severity of this phenotype. Retarded depression evidenced little stability or heritability. These findings offer partial support of the phenotypic status of agitated and agitated-retarded depression in youths.     

Improvement in behavioural symptoms in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease by memantine: a pooled data analysis

INTRODUCTION: Behavioural disturbances are a common and distressing aspect of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This pooled analysis evaluated the specific benefits of memantine on behavioural disturbances in patients with moderate to severe AD. METHODS: Data were pooled from six 24/28-week, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies. Of the 2,311 patients included in these studies, 1,826 patients with moderate to severe AD (MMSE <20) were included in this analysis, corresponding to the extended indication for memantine in Europe. In this subgroup, 959 patients received memantine 20 mg/day and 867 received placebo. Behavioural symptoms were rated using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) total and single-item scores at weeks 12 and 24/28. RESULTS: At weeks 12 and 24/28, ITT analysis demonstrated that memantine treatment produced statistically significant benefits over placebo treatment in NPI total score (p=0.001 and p=0.008), and in NPI single items: delusions (p=0.007 week 12, p=0.001 week 24/28), hallucinations (p=0.037 week 12), agitation/aggression (p=0.001 week 12, p=0.001 week 24/28), and irritability/lability (p=0.005 week 24/28), LOCF population. Analysis of the patients without symptoms at baseline indicated reduced emergence of agitation/aggression (p=0.002), delusions (p=0.047), and disinhibition (p=0.011), at week 12, and of agitation/aggression (p=0.002), irritability/lability (p=0.004), and night-time behaviour (p=0.050) at week 24/28 in those receiving memantine. OC analyses yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that memantine is effective in treating and preventing the behavioural symptoms of moderate to severe AD. Specific persistent benefits were observed on the symptoms of delusions and agitation/aggression, which are known to be associated with rapid disease progression, increased caregiver burden, early institutionalisation, and increased costs of care.     

Midazolam does not reduce emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia in children

Background: Behavioral disturbance in children following sevoflurane anesthesia is a relatively frequent event. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a higher dose of preoperatively administered rectal midazolam compared with a lower would alleviate this phenomenon. Furthermore the impact of these two doses of midazolam on sedation at induction of anesthesia was compared. Methods: A total of 115 children presenting for minor surgery under anesthesia were included in the study. The children were randomized to receive rectally either 1 mg·kg⁻¹ midazolam (group H) or 0.5 mg·kg⁻¹ midazolam (group L). General anesthesia was induced with propofol or sevoflurane and maintained with 1.5% sevoflurane in the inspiratory limb. Prior to the start of surgery a regional block was performed to ensure adequate pain relief. Behavior on emergence was assessed using a three point scale. In case of severe agitation propofol was administered IV. Results: The children in group H were significantly better sedated preoperatively (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in emergence behavior: 42.1% of children in group H compared with 36.2% of children in group L exhibited severe agitation requiring sedation with propofol (P = 0.37). However, regardless of the preoperative dose of midazolam more children under the age of 36 months (61.4%) were severely distressed at emergence compared with older children (16.7%) (P < 0.01). Conclusions: A higher dose of 1 mg·kg⁻¹ rectal midazolam results in much better sedated children on induction of anesthesia than 0.5 mg·kg⁻¹. This, however, does not result in a reduced incidence of emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia. Regardless of the premedication negative behavioral changes occur more frequently in children younger than 3 years of age.     

丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉或地氟醚平衡麻醉对听神经瘤手术后苏醒的影响

目的 观察丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉或地氟醚平衡麻醉对听神经瘤手术后苏醒的影响。方法 40例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期行乙状窦入路或颅中窝入路听神经瘤手术的成年患者,随机分为丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼组(PR组,n=20) 和地氟醚平衡麻醉组(DR组,n=20)。记录患者一般情况;记录唤醒时间、拔除气管导管时间和定向力恢复时间;记录2组患者手术结束时的麻醉深度、肌肉松弛恢复情况、拔管时心率和血压变化;记录术后不良事件。结果 PR组唤醒时间早于DR组2.4 min (P=0.033);PR组拔除气管导管时间短于DR组4.9 min (P=0.002);PR组定向力恢复时间短于DR组23.7 min(P=0.049);PR组拔除气管导管时血压和心率变化均小于DR组(P<0.05)。结论 丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉用于听神经瘤手术利于患者术后快速苏醒,地氟醚组患者拔管时心率和血压变化较明显。     

The effect of massage on agitated behaviours in older people with dementia: a literature review

Aims and objectives. To review the literature on massage used to manage agitated behaviours in older people with dementia, assess its efficacy as a non‐pharmacological approach and provide recommendations for future research. Background. Agitation has traditionally been managed with chemical or physical restraint. There has been a growing interest in complementary therapies such as massage. Design. A literature review. Methods. Cooper’s five‐stage model of synthesising research guided the review process. The search terms ‘massage’, ‘agitation’ and ‘dementia’ were defined, and 10 databases were searched in October 2011. No date limitations were applied, although searches were limited to articles written in English. For relevant records, full‐text copies were obtained and assessed in terms of inclusion criteria and methodological quality using the Validity Rating Tool (VRT). Data were extracted using a form constructed with reference to the checklist of items to consider in data extraction, produced by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Results. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were assessed on the VRT. One study was considered of adequate methodological quality to be included in the review. This prospective study found that massage significantly reduced levels of agitation in 52 cognitively impaired residents in two long‐term care facilities. Conclusions. There is a severe paucity of research that considers the effects of massage on managing agitated behaviours in older people with dementia. Whilst conclusions cannot be drawn from the one study included in this review, it did provide evidence to support the use of massage as a non‐pharmacological approach to managing agitation in older people with dementia. More research, of better methodological quality, is needed. Relevance to clinical practice. There is a need for health practitioners to be aware of the limited evidence for massage as an intervention for agitation and to provide opportunities to validate massage practice.     

A trial of buspirone for the control of disruptive behaviors in community-dwelling patients with dementia

We report the results of a pilot study examining the dose–response of buspirone for the treatment of agitated and disruptive behaviors in dementia patients. Patients were identified by physician referral, chart review and caregiver response to newspaper adverisements. All subjects met NINCDS–ADRDA criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease. Twenty subjects were entered into the study, 12 completed the protocol. After a washout period, all subjects received 1 week of placebo followed by approximately 2 weeks each of buspirone 15 mg, 30 mg, 45mg and 60 mg daily. The primary outcome measure was the total score on Reisberg's Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE–AD), which was administered at baseline, the end of the placebo phase and at the end of each dosage interval. Significant improvement in the mean score was seen at a daily dosage of 30mg (p< 0.05 vs placebo). Significant improvement was also seen on the delusion, aggression and anxiety subscales of the BEHAVE-AD. Few side-effects were noted. These data suggest that the optimal starting dosage of buspirone for the treatment of behavioral pathology in dementia patients is 30mg daily. Individual patients may have their best response at dosages ranging from 15 to 60 mg daily. Confirmation of these findings requires a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trail.     

The social environment of the agitated nursing home resident

This study describes the characteristics of the social environment of 24 highly agitated and cognitively impaired nursing home residents, and the relationship between manifestations of agitation and attributes of the social environment. Results showed that the composition of the social environment of the agitated nursing home resident does not vary much with respect to time of day or day of the week. Additionally, most agitated behaviors were not generally affected by attributes of the social environment. The interaction of agitated behaviors with persons in the social environment is also examined. When agitated behaviors were directed towards someone, they were most likely to be directed towards staff members. Agitated behaviors were rarely triggered by any observable event, and few reactions to agitation were observed.     

Climate change and the emergence of Vibrio vulnificus disease in Israel

In 1996, a major unexplained outbreak of systemic Vibrio vulnificus infection erupted among Israeli fish market workers. The origins of this emergent infectious disease have not been fully understood. A possible link between climate change and disease emergence is being investigated. Meteorological service data from 1981, the earliest detection and reporting of V. vulnificus for the time in Israel, to 1998 for two stations located within the main inland fish farm industry were analyzed. The 1996-1998 summers were identified as the hottest ever recorded in Israel in the previous 40 years. Time series of monthly minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures showed significant increase in the summer temperatures along the 18 years. The highest minimum temperature value was recorded in summer 1996. Lag correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between temperature values and hospital admission dates. The eruption appeared 25-30 days after the extreme heat conditions in summer 1996, at a lag of 3 weeks in summer 1997 while the results for 1998 were at a lag of less than a week. Higher significant results were detected for the daily minimum temperatures in summer 1996 compatible with the disease eruption. These findings suggest that high water temperature might have impacted the ecology of our study area and caused the emergence of the disease, as an effect of global climate change.     

When is it safe to exercise mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit? An evaluation of consensus recommendations in a cardiothoracic setting

Rationale

Consensus recommendations have been developed to guide exercise rehabilitation of mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit.