Repurposing Valproate,Enteral Clonidine,and Phenobarbital for Comfort in Adult ICU Patients: A Literature Review with Practical Considerations

Provision of adequate sedation is a fundamental part of caring for critically ill patients. Propofol, dexmedetomidine, and benzodiazepines are the most commonly administered sedative medications for adult patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). These agents are limited by adverse effects, need for a monitored environment for safe administration, and lack of universal effectiveness. Increased interest has recently been expressed about repurposing older pharmacologic agents for patient comfort in the ICU. Valproate, enteral clonidine, and phenobarbital are three agents with increasing evidence supporting their use. Potential benefits associated with their utilization are cost minimization and safe administration after transition out of the ICU. This literature review describes the historical context, pharmacologic characteristics, supportive data, and practical considerations associated with the administration of these agents for comfort in critically ill adult patients.     

全麻患者苏醒期躁动影响因素的Meta分析

目的探讨全麻患者苏醒期躁动(EA)发生的相关影响因素。方法检索CNKI、Wanfang、VIP、PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase等数据库,收集建库至2020年1月19日有关EA影响因素的文献。根据纳入及排除标准筛选文献,并对纳入文献进行质量评价,采用RevMan5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入26篇文献,共计21 179例观察对象,其中病例组3182例,对照组17 997例。Meta分析结果显示,两组男性、吸烟史、合并高血压、脑外伤或脑梗死病史、合并糖尿病、术前焦虑、气管插管、留置导尿管、手术时间、麻醉时间、药物催醒、术后疼痛、低氧(SpO_290%)、麻醉恢复室停留时间等因素与全麻术后EA的发生有关,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);亚组分析显示,吸入麻醉、麻醉诱导后留置尿管、开胸手术、普外科手术、ASAⅡ级、ASAⅢ级、术中开放性补液等因素是EA的危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在临床治疗过程中应充分了解患者的个体情况,整体预测和识别高危患者,制订针对性措施预防苏醒期躁动的发生。     

日光疗法对老年痴呆患者激越行为影响的meta分析

目的 探讨日光疗法对老年痴呆患者激越行为的治疗效果。方法 检索Pubmed、Embase、Cochrane library、Web of science、中国生物医学数据库、中国知网、万方知识服务平台、维普数据库。利用RevMan5.4软件进行统计分析。结果 纳入6篇文献(英文5篇,中文1篇),日光疗法能够改善老年痴呆患者的激越行为[标准化均数差(standardized mean difference, SMD)=-0.43,95%CI(-0.80～-0.06),P=0.02];亚组分析结果显示,与对照组比较,光照周期>4周[SMD=-0.44,95%CI(-0.75～-0.13),P=0.006],每天光照2次[SMD=-0.47,95%CI(-0.92～-0.03),P=0.04],光照强度≤1 000 lux[SMD=-0.49,95%CI(-0.86～-0.12),P=0.01],差异均有统计学意义。光照时间亚组分析结果显示光照时间<2 h[SMD=-0.58,95%CI(-1.20～0.04),P=0.07],光照时间≥2 h[SMD=-0.27,95%CI(-...     

Inhaled loxapine for the urgent treatment of acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

Background: Acute agitation is a serious complication of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, which may escalate quickly to aggressive behavior. Rapid treatment is therefore important to calm and stabilize the patient, reducing the potential for harm to the patient and others, and allowing further assessment. Current guidelines suggest that where pharmacologic intervention is indicated, medication should preferably be non-invasive, should have a rapid onset and should control aggressive behavior in the short term without compromising the physician–patient relationship in the long term.

Objectives: This article presents an overview of a new inhaled formulation of the established antipsychotic loxapine, which aims to provide a more rapidly acting agent for the treatment of acute agitation without the disadvantages of intramuscular or intravenous injection.

Discussion: Inhaled loxapine is rapidly absorbed with intravenous-like pharmacokinetics, with a time to maximum plasma concentration of 2?minutes and a plasma half-life of approximately 6?hours. In phase III studies, loxapine reduced agitation within 10?minutes of inhalation; agitation was decreased at all subsequent assessments during a 24-hour evaluation period. Inhaled loxapine was generally well tolerated with no undue sedation. The most common adverse events were dysgeusia, mild sedation, and dizziness. Inhaled loxapine is contraindicated in patients with asthma, COPD or other pulmonary disease associated with bronchospasm.

Conclusions: Inhaled loxapine rapidly reduces acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and is generally well tolerated. The non-invasive route of delivery respects the patient’s autonomy, reducing the perception of coercion or forced medication. Inhaled loxapine is therefore an effective and appropriate option for use in the emergency setting in patients with acute agitation.     

盐酸达克罗宁胶浆局部涂抹在患儿包皮环扎术中的麻醉效果

目的探讨盐酸达克罗宁胶浆局部涂抹在患儿包皮环扎术中的麻醉效果。方法选择拟行包皮环扎术的患儿60例,包皮过长13例,包茎47例,年龄4～12岁,体重14～38 kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为两组:达克罗宁组(D组)和对照组(C组),每组30例。D组入室前30 min在家长配合下,将1%盐酸达克罗宁胶浆均匀涂抹于包皮过长患儿的阴茎前2/3皮肤、龟头及冠状沟;对包茎患儿,先均匀涂抹阴茎前2/3皮肤,然后用18号直式留置针的外套管插入冠状沟附近,接注射器注入1%盐酸达克罗宁胶浆,并反复挤捏龟头及冠状沟数次,达克罗宁胶浆总用量0.2～0.3 ml/kg。C组于相同时点采用相同方法涂抹等量生理盐水。两组患儿入室后都采用氯胺酮复合丙泊酚全麻。观察并记录术中体动反应的发生情况;记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、手术开始时(T_1)、暴露冠状沟时(T_2)、扎线时(T_3)、剪除多余包皮时(T_4)的HR和MAP;记录丙泊酚和氯胺酮用量;记录苏醒时间和苏醒期躁动的发生情况。结果 T_3—T_4时D组HR明显慢于,MAP明显低于C组(P0.05)。D组术中体动反应发生率明显低于C组(P0.05),丙泊酚和氯胺酮用量明显少于C组(P0.05),苏醒时间明显短于C组(P0.05),苏醒期躁动发生率明显低于C组(P0.05)。结论盐酸达克罗宁胶浆局部涂抹表面麻醉可有效降低全麻下包皮环扎术中患儿体动反应发生率,减轻循环波动,节减全麻药用量,缩短苏醒时间,减少苏醒期躁动。     

脑状态指数预测龋齿手术患儿全麻苏醒期躁动的可行性

目的分析围术期脑状态指数(CSI)与患儿全麻苏醒期躁动(EA)的相关性,并探讨CSI预测EA的可行性。方法选取择期行口腔龋齿治疗手术的患儿100例,男58例,女42例,年龄2～7岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,根据全麻苏醒期患儿有无躁动分为两组:躁动组(A组)和无躁动组(NA组)。所有患儿静脉麻醉诱导气管插管后使用多功能组合式监护仪(HXD-I)监测CSI,分别记录插管后(T_1)、手术开始20 min(T_2)、停麻醉药时(T_3)、拔管后(T_4)及唤醒时(T_5)的CSI,包括镇静指数(WLi)、镇痛指数(PTi)、皮层下兴奋指数(SCEi)、皮层兴奋指数(CEi)、谵妄指数(DELi)、遗忘指数(AMi)、焦虑指数(ANXi)和舒适指数(CFi)。绘制相关指数的ROC曲线,计算各指数ROC曲线下面积(AUC)。结果患儿发生EA 21例(21%)。T_1—T_5时两组WLi、PTi、DELi和AMi差异均无统计学意义。T_5时A组SCEi、CEi、ANXi和CFi明显大于NA组(P0.05)。SCEi、CEi、ANXi和CFi预测EA的AUC分别为0.765、0.768、0.712和0.717,敏感性分别为81%、100%、85.7%和61.9%,特异性分别为70.9%、44.3%、49.4%和77.2%。结论 SCEi、CEi、ANXi和CFi均可有效预测龋齿手术患儿全麻EA的发生,但SCEi的预测效能最高。     

甲磺酸齐拉西酮对老年精神分裂症患者的临床疗效

目的探讨甲磺酸齐拉西酮治疗精神分裂症患者急性激越症状的临床效果。方法选取2016年1月至2017年12月在四川省广元市精神卫生中心接受治疗的老年精神分裂症患者72例。采用随机数字表法将患者分为甲磺酸齐拉西酮组、氟哌啶醇组各36例。甲磺酸齐拉西酮组患者给予注射用甲磺酸齐拉西酮5~10 mg/次,肌内注射,每日总量不大于20 mg;氟哌啶醇组患者给予常规氟哌啶醇针剂5 mg/次,肌内注射,每日总量不大于10 mg。记录并比较2组患者治疗前及治疗72 h的阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、临床疗效总体印象量表之病情严重程度(CGI-SI)评分,以及治疗前(T0)和治疗后2 h(T1)、8 h(T2)、24 h(T3)、48 h(T4)、72 h(T5)阳性和阴性症状量表中的兴奋因子(PANSS-EC)评分。采用SAS 9. 0软件进行统计分析。根据数据类型,组间比较采用独立样本t检验或χ2检验,治疗前后比较采用配对t检验。结果治疗前及治疗72 h后的2组患者PANSS及CGI-SI评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05),治疗72 h后,2组患者PANSS及CGI-SI评分较治疗前均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。治疗前、后各时间点2组患者PANSS-EC评分差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05);与T0比较,T1-5各时间点2组患者PANSS-EC评分均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);与T1比较,T2-5各时间点2组患者PANSS-EC评分均显著降低,差异亦有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。与氟哌啶醇组比较,甲磺酸齐拉西酮组患者肌强直[2. 78%(1/36) vs 16. 67%(6/36)]、震颤[2. 78%(1/36) vs 19. 44%(7/36)]、流涎[5. 56%(2/36) vs 22. 22%(8/36)]、头颈部运动[2. 78%(1/36) vs 19. 44%(7/36)]等副反应发生率显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论甲磺酸齐拉西酮治疗精神分裂症急性激越症状患者的效果与常规氟哌啶醇相似,同时具有副作用发生率较低的优点。     

Psychometric evaluation of the Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory in an acute general hospital setting

Objectives

The Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI; (Cohen‐Mansfield and Kerin, 1986)) is a well‐known tool for assessing agitated behaviours in people with dementia who reside in long‐term care. No studies have evaluated the psychometric qualities and factor structure of the CMAI in acute general hospitals, a setting where people with demand may become agitated.

Method

Longitudinal study investigating pain, agitation and behavioural problems in 230 people with dementia admitted to acute general hospitals in 2011–2012. Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory was completed as part of a battery of assessments including PAINAD to measure pain.

Results

A nine‐item two‐factor model of aggressive and nonaggressive behaviours proved to be the best‐fitting measurement model in this sample, (χ² = 96.3, df = 26, p<0.001; BIC [Bayesian Information Criterion] = 4593.06, CFI [Comparative Fit Index] = 0.884, TLI [Tucker Lewis Index] = 0.839, RMSEA [Root Mean Square Error of the Approximation] = 0.108). Although similar to the original factor structure, the new model resulted in the elimination of item 13 (screaming). Validity was confirmed with the shortened CMAI showing similar associations with pain as the original version of the CMAI, in particular the link between aggressive behaviours and pain.

Conclusion

The factor structure of the CMAI was broadly consistent with the original solution although a large number of items were removed. Scales reflecting physical and verbal aggression were combined to form an Aggressive factor, and physical and verbal nonaggressive behaviours were combined to form the Nonaggressive factor. A shorter, more concise version of the CMAI was developed for use in acute general hospital settings. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

When and How to Treat Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease Dementia With Citalopram and Escitalopram

Agitation is a common neuropsychiatric symptom (NPS) in the early and middle stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia, which is difficult to treat and causes much distress. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) issued black box warnings against the use of antipsychotics in dementia in 2005 and 2008 due to the increased risk of morbidity and mortality, resulting in the reduction in antipsychotic use for treating dementia-related NPS and spurring the quest for safer and more effective pharmacological options. The data favoring the use of citalopram for treating agitation in AD dementia is particularly compelling, and this may be a class effect for all selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. However, concerns about the cardiac side-effects of citalopram have limited its widespread use for this indication. In this article, available efficacy and safety data for the use of citalopram and escitalopram in treating agitation in AD dementia is reviewed, using a composite case to illustrate key points. Practical recommendations are made to facilitate the use of these medications in routine clinical practice, risk mitigation strategies are discussed and salient issues for future clinical research are emphasized.     

Delirium do despertar após anestesia com sevoflurano em adultos: estudo observacional prospectivo

Background and objectivesEmergence delirium after general anesthesia with sevoflurane has not been frequently reported in adults compared to children. This study aimed to determine the incidence of emergence delirium in adult patients who had anesthesia with sevoflurane as the volatile agent and the probable risk factors associated with its occurrence.Design and methodsA prospective observational study was conducted in adult patients who had non‐neurological procedures and no existing neurological or psychiatric conditions, under general anesthesia. Demographic data such as age, gender, ethnicity and clinical data including ASA physical status, surgical status, intubation attempts, duration of surgery, intraoperative hypotension, drugs used, postoperative pain, rescue analgesia and presence of catheters were recorded. Emergence delirium intensity was measured using the Nursing Delirium Scale (NuDESC).ResultsThe incidence of emergence delirium was 11.8%. The factors significantly associated with emergence delirium included elderly age (>65) (p = 0.04), emergency surgery (p = 0.04), African ethnicity (p = 0.01), longer duration of surgery (p = 0.007) and number of intubation attempts (p = 0.001). Factors such as gender, alcohol and illicit drug use, and surgical specialty did not influence the occurrence of emergence delirium.ConclusionsThe incidence of emergence delirium in adults after general anesthesia using sevoflurane is significant and has not been adequately reported. Modifiable risk factors need to be addressed to further reduce its incidence.