Do bonding and bridging social capital affect self-rated health,depressive mood and cognitive decline in older Japanese? A prospective cohort study

Little is known regarding the longitudinal effects of bonding and bridging social capital on health. This study examined the longitudinal associations of bonding and bridging social capital with self-rated health, depressive mood, and cognitive decline in community-dwelling older Japanese. Data analyzed in this study were from the 2010 (baseline) and 2012 (follow-up) Hatoyama Cohort Study. Bonding social capital was assessed by individual perception of homogeneity of the neighborhood (the level of homogeneity among neighbors) and of networks (the amount of homogeneous personal networks) in relation to age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Bridging social capital was assessed by individual perception of heterogeneity of networks (the amount of heterogeneous personal networks) in relation to age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the effects of baseline social capital on poor health outcome at follow-up by logistic regression analysis. In total, 681 people completed baseline and follow-up surveys. The mean age of participants was 71.8 ± 5.1 years, and 57.9% were male. After adjusting for sociodemographics, lifestyle factors, comorbidity, functional capacity, baseline score of each outcome, and other bonding/bridging social capital, stronger perceived neighborhood homogeneity was inversely associated with poor self-rated health (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.30–1.00) and depressive mood assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.34–0.99). When participants who reported a depressive mood at baseline were excluded, stronger perceived heterogeneous network was inversely associated with depressive mood (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.19–0.87). Neither bonding nor bridging social capital was significantly associated with cognitive decline assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination. In conclusion, bonding and bridging social capital affect health in different ways, but they both have beneficial effects on the health of older Japanese. Our findings suggest that intervention focusing on bonding and bridging social capital may improve various health outcomes in old age.     

中高龄老年人衰弱程度与老年性骨质疏松症的相关性探讨

目的探讨老年性骨质疏松症与中高龄老年人衰弱程度的相关性,为减少中高龄老年人衰弱程度提供依据。方法选取2016年7月至2017年1月唐山10个卫生服务中心直接管辖的32个社区内登记户籍符合入组的≥75周岁的老年人,采用The CFAI衰弱综合评估工具进行问卷调查,老年性骨质疏松症诊断标准依据老年人在三甲以上医院根据骨密度诊断的结果而定。结果 3448名高龄老人衰弱率100%,重度衰弱占32.6%;中高龄老年人发生老年性骨质疏松症者占11.46%;多因素分析年龄、婚姻、文化程度、老年性骨质疏松症是衰弱的影响因素(P0.05)。结论应重视中高龄老年性骨质疏松症的预防和治疗,从而减轻老年人的衰弱程度。     

中青年视网膜静脉阻塞危险因素研究进展

视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)是仅次于糖尿病视网膜病变的第二大致盲性眼底疾病,主要以老年患者为主,但中青年RVO患者致盲率较高。发病原因与全身脑微血管病变有一定的相关性。为明确中青年RVO可能发病原因,本文系统回顾分析了中青年RVO的危险因素,发现其发病率随年龄增长而增加,发病的眼别大致相当,且本病男性发病率高于女性。传统的发病因素如高血压病、糖尿病、青光眼仍是中青年RVO高危因素,同时有其独特的病因,炎症与中青年RVO密切有关。其他如亲血栓危险因素、高同型半胱氨酸血症在RVO中的作用仍有争议。此外,吸烟会增加RVO的风险,社会经济地位似乎也是一个风险因素。因此中青年RVO致病因素复杂多样,多与脑、心血管等重要疾病有关。     

Walking speed and peak plantar pressure distribution during barefoot walking in persons with diabetes

Background. The impact of walking speed has not been evaluated as a feasible outcome measure associated with peak plantar pressure (PPP) distribution, which may result in tissue damage in persons with diabetic foot complications. The objective of this pilot study was to determine the walking speed and PPP distribution during barefoot walking in persons with diabetes. Methods. Nine individuals with diabetes and nine age–gender matched individuals without diabetes participated in this study. Each individual was marked at 10 anatomical landmarks for vibration and tactile pressure sensation tests to determine the severity of sensory deficits on the plantar surface of the dominant limb foot. A steady state walking speed, PPP, the fore and rear foot (F/R) PPP ratio and gait variables were measured during barefoot walking. Results. Persons with diabetes had a significantly slower walking speed than the age–gender matched group resulting in a significant reduction of PPP at the F/R foot during barefoot walking (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in F/R foot PPP ratio in the diabetic group compared with the age–gender matched group during barefoot walking (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference between the diabetic and non‐diabetic groups for cadence, step time, toe out angle and the anterior–posterior excursion (APE) for centre of force (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Walking speed may be a potential indicator for persons with diabetes to identify PPP distribution during barefoot walking in a diabetic foot. However, the diabetic group demonstrated a more cautious walking pattern than the age–gender matched group by decreasing cadence, step length and APE, and increasing step time and toe in/out angle. People with diabetes may reduce the risk of foot ulcerations as long as they are able to prevent severe foot deformities such as callus, hammer toe or charcot foot. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术治疗老年复杂性视网膜脱离病人的护理

目的：探讨用玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术的方法治疗老年复杂性视网膜脱离病人的护理方法。方法对52例老年复杂性视网膜脱离病人进行手术前后护理干预。结果48例视网膜复位，42例视力提高，视网膜复位率及视力改善率分别为92．30％和80．76％。术后并发高血压8例，心律失常1例，心绞痛1例，眼压升高13例，经对症处理均好转。结论术前做好心理疏导，予以相关知识教育，术后严密观察病情变化，及时发现并发症，并做好相应处理，对老年复杂性视网膜脱离病人的视网膜复位率及视力改善率均有帮助。     

Determinants for preventive oral health care need among community‐dwelling older people: a population‐based study

The aim was to study the determinants of preventive oral health care need among community‐dwelling old people. The study population consisted of 165 participants, a subpopulation in the Geriatric Multidisciplinary Strategy for Good Care of Elderly People (GeMS) study. Fifty‐five percent of the edentate participants with full dentures and 82% of the dentate had a need for preventive oral health care. In the total study population, the need for preventive care was associated with co‐morbidity (measured by means of the Modified Functional Co‐morbidity Index) odds ratios (OR) 1.2 (confidence intervals [CI] 1.0–1.5), being pre‐frail or frail, OR 2.5 (CI 1.2–5.1), presence of natural teeth, OR 4.8 (CI 2.2–10.4), and among dentate participants, the use of a removable partial denture, OR 12.8 (CI 1.4–114.4). Primary care clinicians should be aware of the high need for preventive care and the importance of nonoral conditions as determinants of preventive oral health care need.     

YOUNG PEOPLE TODAY

The new sociology of childhood sees children as competent social agents with important contributions to make. And yet the phase of childhood is fraught with tensions and contradictions. Public policies are required, not only to protect children, but also to control them and regulate their behaviour. For children and young people in the UK, youth justice has become increasingly punitive. At the same time, social policies have focused more on children's inclusion and participation. In this interplay of conflict and contradictions, the role the media play is critical in contributing to the moral panic about childhood and youth. In this article, we consider media representations of “antisocial” children and young people and how this belies a moral response to the nature of contemporary childhood. We conclude by considering how a rights‐based approach might help redress the moralised politics of childhood representations in the media.     

An integrative review on family caregivers’ involvement in care of home‐dwelling elderly

Often family members provide care‐giving, which allows older adults to remain in their homes. With declining health and increasing frailty, care‐giving of elderly people becomes a task of family caregivers (FC) in conjunction with home care nurses. It has been shown in both acute care settings and long‐term care facilities that family members prefer to be involved in decision‐making and care planning for their next of kin. Therefore, an integrative review was conducted to explore the body of knowledge of FCs’ involvement in home‐care settings from the FCs’ perspective. CINAHL, PubMed, and Cochrane databases was searched with the terms family caregiver, involvement, home care, and community dwelling. Studies written in German or English between 1996 and 2017 focusing on FCs’ caring for home‐dwelling older adults together with home care nurses were included and critically appraised. The extracted findings were analysed with concept analysis method. Twenty‐six studies were included and five themes were identified. Four themes formed the basis of assistance towards family caregivers by nurses and included “relationship building with professionals,” “negotiating with professional care,” “being professionally supported,” and “managing role expectations and knowledge sharing”. The fifth theme, “working together” described the mutual care for the care recipient. Although the first four themes were consistent with a pre‐existing conceptual model by Sims‐Gould and Marin‐Matthews (2010), the fifth required an expansion of the model with an additional contribution “collaborative practice”. The findings illustrate that involvement in care is an interactional process, which provides the basis for collaborative practices with the home care nurses for family caregivers. Family members often want to be part of the healthcare team, and nurses need contextual factors that allow providing their full range of skills and knowledge to involve family caregivers accordingly.