基于冲脉理论针刺治疗联合康复训练在脑卒中患者吞咽功能障碍中的临床研究

目的 探讨基于冲脉理论针刺治疗联合康复训练在脑卒中患者吞咽功能障碍中的应用价值。方法 选取2017年5月-2019年5月期间因脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍在解放军联勤保障部队桂林康复疗养中心进行救治的80例患者作为研究对象,按就诊顺序单双号分为观察组（n=40,基于冲脉理论针刺联合康复训练）和对照组（n=40,常规针刺联合康复训练）。比较两组患者疗效、治疗前后吞咽功能量表（SSA）评分和电视透视吞咽功能（VFSS）评分。结果 治疗后,观察组SSA评分（22.10±7.21）和VFSS评分（8.93±1.88）均显著优于对照组（26.08±8.11）分和（5.46±2.12）分,（均P<0.05）,观察组治疗总有效率97.50%显著高于对照组82.50%（P<0.05）。结论 基于冲脉理论针刺治疗联合康复训练对脑卒中患者吞咽功能障碍有积极的影响,可改善吞咽功能,提高治疗效果,值得推广应用。     

吞咽功能训练联合针刺治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍疗效观察

目的：探讨吞咽功能训练联合针刺治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍的临床疗效。方法采用随机数表法将我院康复医学科2013年6月至2015年6月期间收治的80例脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者采用随机数表法分为两组,每组各40例,对照组患者行常规吞咽功能训练,观察组在对照组基础上加用针刺治疗,两组疗程均为4周,应用洼田氏饮水试验评估两组患者治疗前后的吞咽功能。结果两组患者治疗前的洼田氏饮水试验评分比较差异均无统计学意义[(4.09±0.72)分vs (4.10±0.71)分,P>0.05];观察组治疗后的洼田氏饮水试验评分为(1.40±1.11)分,明显低于对照组的(2.38±0.97)分,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者的治疗总有效率为92.5%(37/40),明显高于对照组的82.5%(33/40),组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论吞咽功能训练联合针刺治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍能有效改善患者的吞咽障碍,促进吞咽功能恢复。     

Esophageal lichen planus: Current knowledge,challenges and future perspectives

Lichen planus (LP) is a frequent, chronic inflammatory disease involving the skin, mucous membranes and/or skin appendages. Esophageal involvement in lichen planus (ELP) is a clinically important albeit underdiagnosed inflammatory condition. This narrative review aims to give an overview of the current knowledge on ELP, its prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic options in order to provide support in clinical management. Studies on ELP were collected using PubMed/Medline. Relevant clinical and therapeutical characteristics from published patient cohorts including our own cohort were extracted and summarized. ELP mainly affects middle-aged women. The principal symptom is dysphagia. However, asymptomatic cases despite progressed macroscopic esophageal lesions may occur. The pathogenesis is unknown, however an immune-mediated mechanism is probable. Endoscopically, ELP is characterized by mucosal denudation and tearing, trachealization, and hyperkeratosis. Scarring esophageal stenosis may occur in chronic courses. Histologic findings include mucosal detachment, T-lymphocytic infiltrations, epithelial apoptosis (Civatte bodies), dyskeratosis, and hyperkeratosis. Direct immuno-fluorescence shows fibrinogen deposits along the basement membrane zone. To date, there is no established therapy. However, treatment with topical steroids induces symptomatic and histologic improvement in two thirds of ELP patients in general. More severe cases may require therapy with immunosuppressors. In symptomatic esophageal stenosis, endoscopic dilation may be necessary. ELP may be regarded as a precancerous condition as transition to squamous cell carcinoma has been documented in literature. ELP is an underdiagnosed yet clinically important differential diagnosis for patients with unclear dysphagia or esophagitis. Timely diagnosis and therapy might prevent potential sequelae such as esophageal stenosis or development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Further studies are needed to gain more knowledge about the pathogenesis and treatment options.     

舌面散刺联合金津、玉液点刺出血治疗脑卒中后吞咽困难临床疗效观察

目的 探讨舌面散刺联合金津、玉液点刺出血治疗脑卒中后吞咽困难的临床疗效。方法 将60例脑卒中后吞咽困难患者,采用随机数字表法按患者入院先后顺序随机分为对照组30例,治疗组30例。两组均给予神经内科常规西药治疗及吞咽功能康复训练,对照组采用常规针刺,取廉泉、风府、哑门穴,治疗组在对照组基础上采用舌面散刺联合金津、玉液点刺出血,2周为1个疗程。2周后采用洼田饮水试验量表、改良曼恩吞咽能力评估（Mann assessment of swallowing ability,MASA）量表、改良Barthel指数（modified Barthel index,MBI）量表评价并比较两组的疗效。结果 治疗后两组患者洼田饮水试验量表评级比较,差异有统计学意义（Z=－4.026,P=0.000）;且治疗后治疗组的洼田饮水试验量表评级在Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级分布占比较多;广义估计方程统计结果表明,两组治疗方法产生的疗效不同,治疗组吞咽功能恢复情况优于对照组（P<0.05）,治疗后吞咽功能疗效优于治疗前（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗后MBI量表评分、MASA评分均较治疗前显著升高（P<0.05）,且治疗组MBI量表评分升高程度大于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 舌面散刺联合金津、玉液点刺出血治疗脑卒中后吞咽困难疗效确切,该治疗方法可促进神经功能恢复,减轻患者脑卒中后吞咽困难症状,提高患者生活质量。     

Dysphagia and nutritional status in multiple sclerosis

In this observational study of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) admitted to a regional neurology centre we assessed the frequency of dysphagia (objectively defined), dysphagia related symptoms, bulbar signs and nutritional status. We studied 79 consecutive admissions with MS (24 at diagnostic admission and 55 more advanced cases admitted for treatment and/or rehabilitation): normative swallowing data were from 181 healthy controls. Swallowing symptoms and signs were semi-quantitatively measured and compared to healthy controls. Dysphagia was defined by a quantitative water test. Disability was determined by Kurtzke’s Expanded Disability Status Scale and Barthel’s index. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index, estimated percentage body fat from skin fold thickness measurements at four sites, a global evaluation of nutrition, the presence of pressure sores and the pressure sore risk using the Waterlow score. Patients with MS were more likely to complain of abnormal swallowing, of coughing when eating, and of food ‘going down the wrong way’ than healthy controls (P < 0.005). These significantly associated symptoms had high specificity but relatively low sensitivity. 43% of patients had abnormal swallowing, almost half of whom did not complain of it: abnormal swallowing was associated with several factors including abnormal brainstem/cerebellar function, disability, vital capacity, and depression score. Those with abnormal swallowing had higher Waterlow scores (P < 0.001), but, overall, abnormal swallowing was not associated with a difference in nutritional indices or incidence of pressure sores. In summary, abnormal swallowing is common in MS although often not complained of. It is associated with disordered brainstem/cerebellar function, overall disability, depressed mood and low vital capacity. It was not associated with major nutritional failure or pressure sores in this study. Received: 16 June 1998 Received in revised form: 29 October 1998 Accepted: 19 January 1999     

Dysphagia in Parkinson's disease: Pharyngeal manometry and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation

ObjectiveDysphagia is a common symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and it represents a negative prognostic factor because of its complications. This study is to evaluate pharyngeal dysphagia for boluses of various consistencies with Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) and Pharyngeal High-Resolution Manometry (PHRM) in a group of PD patients, making a comparison between the information provided by the two exams.MethodsGroup of 20 patients affected by PD was selected and initially subjected to a qualitative evaluation of the swallowing performing FEES. Subsequently, they were evaluated by PHRM to identify quantitative measures associated with pressures expressed by pharyngeal organs during swallowing. Values obtained in the study group were compared with those recorded in a group of 20 healthy subjects.ResultsStudy showed that Pmax (the maximum pressure elicited by the single pharyngeal muscle structures involved in swallowing) was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05) for all the boluses and consistency tested, in particular for the Tongue base and the Cricopharyngeal muscle. Pmean pre-swallowing pressure (represents the mean value of a contraction in which basal and maximal pressure where normally calculated) was significantly higher compared to normal subjects for the Tongue base and the Cricopharyngeal muscle (p<0.05). Mean intra-swallowing pressure was higher for the Velopharynx and the Cricopharyngeal muscle, but lower for the tongue base. Pmax and Pmean at PHRM were altered independently to the degree of dysphagia detected at FEES, and they did not correlate either with the location of the residue or with the type of bolus. Images displayed at the FEES, found the corresponding biomechanical explanations in the PHRM, which also allowed us to quantify the extent of the dysfunction, through the calculation of the pressures generated in the various structures studied.ConclusionPHRM is particularly useful in the early detection of dysphagia, when FEES may still show no evidence of abnormal swallowing.     

On-table Endoscopy Following Laparoscopic Fundoplication

Background Laparoscopic fundoplication represents the gold standard in the surgical management of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). The achievement of long-lasting symptomatic and physiological control of reflux is the goal of therapy, as well as the minimization of troubling sequelae, in particular, dysphagia. On-table endoscopy after fundoplication was introduced in this Unit as a quality initiative in an attempt to minimize dysphagia and technical errors, and the aim of this study is to report the experience to date, and compare outcomes with the previous 100 cases performed by an experienced team. Methods Eighty patients who underwent laparoscopic Rosetti-Nissen fundoplication and on-table endoscopy (group 2) were compared with 100 consecutive prior cases (group 1). Patients were prospectively evaluated and had pre- and postoperative symptom scoring and analysis of complications (all patients), and manometry and 24-h pH testing in 120 patients (60 in each group). Results Both groups were similar with respect to demographics, esophagitis, pH score, and dysmotility. No bougie was used in either group. On-table endoscopy resulted in technical modifications in 4 (5%) patients. Early grade 2 or 3 dysphagia was evident in 4 (5%) patients in group 2, compared with 15 (15%) in group 1 (p < 0.001). Late dysphagia was evident in one patient (1.5%) in group 2 compared with 7 (7%) in group 1 (p < 0.05). Dilatation was performed in four patients (5%) in group 2, compared with 11 (11%) in group 1 (p < 0.05). Conclusions These data suggest that on-table endoscopy may be a useful quality assurance adjunct in laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery, in particular, reducing the incidence of dysphagia and reinterventions.     

Bolus management and aspiration pneumonia in patients with pseudobulbar dysphagia

The effect of bolus manipulation on the recurrence of aspiration pneumonia in 56 patients with pseudobulbar dysphagia was studied. Group I patients received a pureed diet with thin liquids, whereas those in group II received a soft mechanical diet with thickened liquids. Members of group II experienced significantly fewer incidences of aspiration pneumonia during a 6-month period.     

Real-time ultrasound visualization of tongue movement during swallowing

Using noninvasive real-time ultrasound, tongue movement was visualized during single swallowing in eight normal subjects and one neurologically impaired patient with dysphagia and chronic aspiration. In normals, a clearly defined muscular wave of the tongue, traveling at approximately 15 cm/sec, carried a 5-cc test water bolus posteriorly. In the patient who had 12th cranial nerve weakness, there was complete absence of normal tongue activity and no midtongue bolus formation or transmission.