Parvalbumin in rat cerebrum, cerebellum and retina during postnatal development

Radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical studies were performed on the occurrence and distribution of parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity (PA-LI) in developing rat cerebrum, cerebellum and retina. No PA-LI was detected in the nervous tissues of the newborn animals. In the cerebrum, the PA-LI appeared in non-pyramidal neurons at the 2nd postnatal week and increased linearly until the 8th week. In the cerebellum, a rapid increase in the PA-LI took place at the 2nd week, with an enrichment of the antigen to Purkinje neurons. In the retina, amacrine cells contained PA-LI, the levels of which increased from the 2nd to 4th week. Regulation of intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration may be one of the important factors for the maturation of the central nervous system.     

医疗卫生机构气候韧性和环境可持续评价工具研究进展

目的 气候变化给医疗卫生机构带来诸多不确定性威胁,医疗卫生机构亟需提高自身的气候韧性并采取积极的应对措施,如何系统评价医疗卫生机构应对气候变化的能力成为应对气候变化挑战的工作重点。方法 使用范围综述筛选医疗卫生机构气候韧性和环境可持续评价工具相关文献和最新进展,并对密切相关的文献采用引文检索拓展研究范围。结果 借鉴国际经验已开发出适用于我国的《绿色医院建筑评价标准》,但对于医疗卫生机构气候韧性的指南和要求仍在探索中。国际上已经发展了三套较完整的工具包和指南,并已探索性开展了实地应用,包括加拿大的医疗卫生机构气候变化韧性工具包、美国的可持续和气候韧性医疗卫生机构工具包,以及世界卫生组织的气候韧性和环境可持续性的医疗卫生机构指南。结论 医疗卫生机构气候韧性和环境可持续能力评价工具构建是开展脆弱性评估和干预的基础,应积极借鉴国外相关经验开发适宜我国的评价工具,以增强机构和人员应对气候变化的能力。     

政策反馈理论视域：中国医疗卫生政策钟摆式变迁及其逻辑

新中国成立以来,党和国家不断强化医疗卫生建设,70余年来医疗卫生政策演进呈钟摆式变迁的特征,即从公益导向的福利性医疗卫生政策摆向效率导向的市场化政策,再摆向公益为主兼顾效率的民生导向政策,在公益与效率间发生三次摆动。本文借助政策反馈理论分析医疗卫生政策钟摆式变迁的内在逻辑,发现政策变迁过程中原有政策通过资源效应、解释效应、演化效应和学习效应影响新政策的制定,使得新政策留有原政策的烙印,呈现出摆动式变迁而非剧烈或范式变迁。政策反馈理论为医疗卫生政策制定提供新视角,制定医疗卫生政策需注重原政策的历史影响力,以公共价值引领医疗医保医药政策,从多重政策反馈效应视角出发优化卫生政策的制定。     

A socioecological discourse of care or an economistic discourse: which fits better with transition?

Objective : To analyse a ‘socioecological’ health promotion discourse and its relationship to orthodox ‘economistic’ discourse in Australia. Method : In research on health promotion addressing equity and environmental sustainability, we identified a socioecological discourse, based on an ethic of care for people and ecosystems. Using Foucault's concept of discourse as a regime that produces and legitimises certain kinds of knowledge, and ecofeminist historical analysis, we analysed this discourse and its relationship to economism. Results : The socioecological discourse takes social and ecological wellbeing as primary values, while economism takes production and trade of goods and services, measured by money, as primary. Following British invasion, property‐owning white men in Australia had the right to control and profit from land, trade, and the work of women and subordinate peoples. A knowledge regime using money as a primary measure reflects this history. In contrast, a First Nations’ primary value expressed in the study was ‘look after the land and the children’. Conclusion and implications for public health : Public health often attempts to express value through economism, using monetary measures. However, socioecological discourse, expressed for example through direct measures of social and ecological wellbeing, appears more fit for purpose in promoting a fair and sustainable society.     

UK food and nutrition security during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic

The COVID‐19 pandemic is a major shock to society in terms of health and economy that is affecting both UK and global food and nutrition security. It is adding to the ‘perfect storm’ of threats to society from climate change, biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, at a time of considerable change, rising nationalism and breakdown in international collaboration. In the UK, the situation is further complicated due to Brexit. The UK COVID‐19 Food and Nutrition Security project, lasting one year, is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and is assessing the ongoing impact of COVID‐19 on the four pillars of food and nutrition security: access, availability, utilisation and stability. It examines the food system, how it is responding, and potential knock on effects on the UK’s food and nutrition security, both in terms of the cascading risks from the pandemic and other threats. The study provides an opportunity to place the initial lessons being learnt from the on‐going responses to the pandemic in respect of food and nutrition security in the context of other long‐term challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss.     

切线时间常数在慢性阻塞性肺疾病及肺心病患者F-V曲线形状转变中的变化及临床意义

目的　探讨切线时间常数 ( τt)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病 ( COPD,慢阻肺 )和肺心病患者 F- V曲线形状转变中的变化及临床意义。方法　测定了 90例缓解期 COPD患者 (慢支 43例 ,肺气肿 47例 )及 31例合并肺心病患者的 F- V曲线。并在 F- V曲线上测量高、中、低肺容积的切线时间常数 τt75 、τt5 0 、τt2 5 ,与正常人和吸烟者的 τt作对比分析。结果　 1正常范围内 F- V曲线形状呈平台型、直线型、凸型和凹型 4种 ,| τt75 | >1s或 <1s,τt2 5 <1s,τt关系呈“青少年式”或“老年式”;2轻、中度异常的 F- V曲线呈凸型 ,| τt75 | <1s,τt2 5 ≈ 1s或 >1s,τt 关系呈“喇叭式”改变 ;3严重异常的 F- V曲线形状呈双曲线型 ,| τt75 | <1s,τt2 5 =4s～ 10 s,τt关系呈“塔式”改变。结论　双曲线型、τt2 5 极度延长和“塔式”改变是判断病情严重性的三大重要标志。该方法简便准确 ,利于在临床推广应用     

三峡建坝生态环境改变与血吸虫病传播关系研究

三峡工程是一项规模宏大的开发治理长江的综合性工程 ,它具有防洪、发电、航运、养殖、供水等多项效益 ,它的建成对我国经济发展具有重大的影响。但国内外的一些水利工程建成后都不同程度地对生态环境带来一系列影响 ,造成血吸虫病的蔓延 ,三峡建坝与血吸虫病关系如何是一个需要深入研究的课题。1　研究方法1 1　水文、泥沙资料长江水利委员会提供 ,部分资料为实地调查所得。1 2　流行病学调查人畜感染情况 ,中间宿主分布及扩散情况。1 3　社会经济行为因素调查以问卷调查居民社会、经济行为状况 ,人畜流动情况。1 4　类比调查　选择与三峡…     

我国近40年来死因构成的变迁及预防对策的思考

目的　为卫生主管部门的科学决策、确定疾病的防制重点、合理分配卫生资源提供可靠依据 ,并提出相应的预防对策。方法　通过收集、综合、整理我国部分城市及县的有关资料 ,应用Office 2 0 0 0进行图表处理 ,并作趋势卡方检验 ,对我国近 4 0年来死因构成比及主要死因死亡率的变化进行分析。结果　解放以来 ,我国人口死亡率显著下降 ;近 4 0年来城乡死因构成比发生了明显变化 ,恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、心脏病、呼吸系统疾病、损伤和中毒已成为前 5位死因 ,占总死亡的 80 %左右 ,城市以恶性肿瘤为首位 ,农村以呼吸系统疾病为首位 ;内分泌、营养、代谢及免疫疾病、精神病、神经病进入城市前 10位死因 ,新生儿病、传染病、肺结核仍处于农村前 10位死因之列。结论　我国医疗卫生事业取得了巨大成就 ,特别是在传染病、肺结核防治方面 ;恶性肿瘤、慢性病、损伤和中毒应作为今后我国疾病防治的重点之一 ;在农村 ,应进一步加强妇幼保健 ,降低新生儿病死亡率     

X线照射后小鼠淋巴滤泡的动态变化

目的　探讨X线照射对小鼠月国窝淋巴结淋巴滤泡的影响。方法　采用组织学、免疫组织化学及三维重塑技术 ,观察小鼠全身X线照射后月国窝淋巴滤泡的变化。结果　小鼠全身X线照射后月国窝淋巴结重量迅速减小 ,淋巴细胞数量下降 ,淋巴滤泡被破坏。结论　X线照射可破坏淋巴滤泡 ,并经过一定时期可以重新聚集 ;再构筑的淋巴滤泡不是新产生的而是受损淋巴滤泡再生形成的