Major complications of airway management: a prospective multicentre observational study

We conducted an observational study of serious airway complications, using similar methods to the fourth UK National Audit Project (NAP4) over a period of 1 year across four hospitals in one region in the UK. We also conducted an activity survey over a week, using NAP4 methods to yield an estimate for relevant denominators to help interpret the primary data. There were 17 serious airway complications, defined as: failed airway management leading to cancellation of surgery (eight); airway management in recovery (five); unplanned intensive care admission (three); and unplanned emergency front of neck access (one). There were no reports of death or brain damage. This was an estimate of 0.028% (1 in 3600) complications using the denominator of 61,000 general anaesthetics per year in the region. Complications in patients with ‘predicted easy’ airways were rare (approximately 1 in 14,200), but 45 times more common in those with ‘predicted difficult’ airways (approximately 1 in 315). Airway management in both groups was similar (induction of anaesthesia followed by supraglottic airway or tracheal tube). Use of awake/sedation intubation, videolaryngoscopy and high-flow nasal oxygenation were uncommon even in the predicted difficult airway patients (in 2.7%, 32.4% and 9.5% of patients, respectively). We conclude that the incidence of serious airway complications is at least as high as it was during NAP4. Despite airway prediction being used, this is not informing subsequent management.     

Prospective randomized controlled trial evaluating cap-assisted colonoscopy vs standard colonoscopy

AIM: To study the significance of cap-fitted colonoscopy in improving cecal intubation time and polyp detection rate. METHODS: This study was a prospective randomized controlled trial conducted from March 2008 to February 2009 in a tertiary referral hospital at Sydney. The primary end point was cecal intubation time and the secondary endpoint was polyp detection rate. Consecutive cases of total colonoscopy over a 1-year period were recruited. Randomization into either standard colonoscopy (SC) or cap-assist...     

可视喉镜联合纤维支气管镜在声门显露困难患者双腔支气管插管中的应用

目的探讨GlideScope可视喉镜联合纤维支气管镜引导在声门显露困难患者双腔支气管插管中的应用。方法选择择期行胸科手术患者40例,男24例,女16例,年龄24~78岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,MallampatiⅢ或Ⅳ级,随机分为GlideScope可视喉镜组(GF组)和Macintosh喉镜组(M组),每组20例。GF组运用可视喉镜联合纤维支气管镜引导进行支气管插管及对位;M组运用传统方法(先用Macintosh喉镜插管,再使用纤维支气管镜对位)。记录患者喉镜下声门显露程度Cormack-Lehane分级、插管时间、插管一次成功率、需喉部按压的患者例数以及术后48h内的声音嘶哑及咽痛情况。结果GF组Cormack-Lehane分级明显低于M组(P0.01)。GF组插管时间明显短于M组[(104.3±11.1)s vs.(138.6±33.0)s](P0.01),一次插管成功率明显高于M组(90%vs.55%)(P0.05),需要喉部按压患者比例明显低于M组(20%vs.90%)(P0.01),术后声音嘶哑和咽痛的发生率明显低于M组(5%vs.35%,25%vs.75%)(P0.05)。结论与传统方法比较,可视喉镜联合纤维支气管镜引导用于声门显露困难患者可以提高插管的成功率,减少插管时的应激反应,降低声嘶和咽痛的发生率。     

Flight Versus Ground Out-of-hospital Rapid Sequence Intubation Success: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Introduction: Endotracheal intubation (ETI) is a critical procedure performed by both air medical and ground based emergency medical services (EMS). Previous work has suggested that ETI success rates are greater for air medical providers. However, air medical providers may have greater airway experience, enhanced airway education, and access to alternative ETI options such as rapid sequence intubation (RSI). We sought to analyze the impact of the type of EMS on RSI success. Methods: A systematic literature search of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted and eligibility, data extraction, and assessment of risk of bias were assessed independently by two reviewers. A bias-adjusted meta-analysis using a quality-effects model was conducted for the primary outcomes of overall intubation success and first-pass intubation success. Results: Forty-nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was no difference in the overall success between flight and ground based EMS; 97% (95% CI 96–98) vs. 98% (95% CI 91–100), and no difference in first-pass success for flight compared to ground based RSI; 82% (95% CI 73–89) vs. 82% (95% CI 70–93). Compared to flight non-physicians, flight physicians have higher overall success 99% (95% CI 98–100) vs. 96% (95% CI 94–97) and first-pass success 89% (95% CI 77–98) vs. 71% (95% CI 57–84). Ground-based physicians and non-physicians have a similar overall success 98% (95% CI 88–100) vs. 98% (95% CI 95–100), but no analysis for physician ground first pass was possible. Conclusions: Both overall and first-pass success of RSI did not differ between flight and road based EMS. Flight physicians have a higher overall and first-pass success compared to flight non-physicians and all ground based EMS, but no such differences are seen for ground EMS. Our results suggest that ground EMS can use RSI with similar outcomes compared to their flight counterparts.     

光棒引导气管插管在鼾症患儿麻醉中的应用价值

目的:探讨光棒引导气管插管在睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)患儿的临床应用,比较其与普通喉镜的插管效果和安全性。方法:选择2~9岁择期行扁桃体切除术和(或)腺样体吸割术的OSAS患儿40例,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为光棒组(L组,n=20)和喉镜组(C组,n=20)。分别比较患儿入室后(T_1),诱导后(T_2),插管后1min(T_3)、3min(T_4)、5min(T_5)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)和脉搏氧饱和度(SpO_2)变化,记录插管时间、一次插管成功率、口腔黏膜和牙齿损伤并发症的发生情况。结果:L组插管时间明显低于C组(P0.05)。L组的一次插管成功率明显高于C组(100%vs 90%)(P0.05)。插管后1min L组HR显著低于C组(P0.05)。C组插管后1min的MAP较诱导后明显增高(P0.05)。C组插管后1min、3min、5min的HR较诱导后明显增高(P0.05)。L组插管后1min的MAP较诱导后有增高趋势,但无统计学差异,其HR在插管后1min、3min较诱导后显著增高(P0.05)。口腔黏膜损伤仅C组出现1例。结论:与普通喉镜相比,光棒插管具有成功率高、插管时间短、口腔黏膜损伤小、对血流动力学影响较轻的优点,可以安全用于鼾症患儿气管插管。     

气管插管救治急性重度有机磷中毒52例临床分析

目的探讨气管插管在抢救急性重度有机磷中毒(ASOPP)患者的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2012年6月—2014年6月该院收治的52例行紧急气管插管后洗胃的急性重度有机磷中毒患者的临床资料,并与2010年5月—2012年5月收治的34例未实施气管插管的急性重度有机磷中毒患者临床资料进行对比观察。结果观察组52例患者中治愈47例,死亡2例,为多器官功能衰竭,自动放弃治疗3例,救治成功率为90.38%,明显高于对照组的58.82%;观察组入住重症监护室时间为(10.5±2.5)d,明显短于对照组的(15.7±3.9)d,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论气管插管是救治急性重度有机磷中毒患者的有效措施,对于提高该类患者救治的成功率具有重要意义。     

吸入式气管滴注法的建立

目的:建立一种廉价、高效的呼吸道给药或染毒方法。方法:24只雄性BALB/c小鼠随机平均分为两组,分别进行鼻腔滴注和吸入式气管滴注。24只雄性SD大鼠随机平均分为两组,分别给予非暴露式气管滴注和吸入式气管滴注。小鼠每只滴注50μL生理盐水,大鼠每只滴注100μL生理盐水;每组中取1只动物按相应方法滴注用生理盐水配制的含体积分数50%的蓝墨水,解剖观察肺部形态,评价滴注效果;记录操作时间(从麻醉结束至滴注完成)和成功率。结果:小鼠鼻腔滴注的操作时间为(92.6±5.4)s,吸入式气管滴注操作时间为(25.2±4.0)s;大鼠非暴露式气管滴注操作时间为(102.6±6.5)s,吸入式气管滴注操作时间为(39.9±3.3)s;吸入式气管滴注操作时间均明显较短(t=35.042、29.849,P<0.001)。吸入式气管滴注组小鼠和非暴露式气管滴注组大鼠的肺组织散在分布蓝色印迹,而鼻腔滴注组小鼠的肺部着色不明显;鼻腔滴注和吸入式气管滴注的成功率为100%,而非暴露式气管滴注的成功率为83.7%。结论:吸入式气管滴注兼具廉价、快捷、无创、高效的优点,可广泛应用于呼吸道给药或染毒实验以及疾病模型的建立。     

Diagnostic utilities of tracheal ultrasound and USB-endoscope for the confirmation of endotracheal tube placement: A cadaver study

Objectives

Confirmation of the endotracheal tube placement (CoETP) has the utmost importance in the management of an airway. Visualization of tracheal rings or carina with a fiber-optical bronchoscope (FOB) has considered to be a reliable method for the CoETP. However, FOB is expensive, time-consuming, and not always practical. Inexpensive endoscopic USB-cameras were shown to aid intubation successfully and reliably. On the other hand, there have been no studies investigating their use for the CoETP. Tracheal ultrasonography (TUS) is also a new, inexpensive and widely available alternative. A cadaver study has planned to evaluate the diagnostic utility of TUS and a USB-camera.