环甲膜穿刺丁卡因表面麻醉在ICU患者气管插管中的应用

目的探讨环甲膜穿刺丁卡因表面麻醉在ICU患者气管插管中的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法纳入2009年11月至2010年2月四川大学华西医院中心ICU内41例需要气管插管的患者,随机分为环甲膜穿刺丁卡因表面麻醉组（丁卡因组）和对照组。记录基础生命体征,插管时、插管后1 min、5 min时血流动力学变化,低氧发生率,插管时间,插管成功率,插管后低血压发生率,全麻药物用量及相关并发症。结果丁卡因组气管插管时和插管后1 min的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）变化率及心率收缩压乘积（RPP）均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。两组患者插管成功率、低氧发生率无显著差异（P〉0.05）。丁卡因组诱导期间全麻药（异丙酚）用量、插管后低血压发生率、血管活性药物使用总量均明显小于对照组（P〈0.05）。丁卡因组所有病例环甲膜穿刺均一次性操作成功,穿刺时间不超过1 min,无一例出现局麻药过敏、中毒反应、皮下或纵隔积气、食道损伤和气胸等并发症,所有患者气管插管时无死亡。结论环甲膜穿刺丁卡因表面麻醉在ICU患者气管插管中可以减轻气管插管时患者血流动力学的波动,减少插管后低血压发生率,减少全麻药、血管活性药物的用量,是一种安全、有效、快速、简便易行和微创的操作方法,必要时可选择性使用。     

复方利多卡因乳膏对支气管插管患者血流动力学的影响

目的:观察复方利多卡因乳膏气管黏膜表面麻醉对全身麻醉支气管插管患者血流动力学的影响。方法:选择80例(ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级)拟施支气管插管全身麻醉择期手术患者随机均分为两组。复方利多卡因乳膏组(F组)、对照组(C组),分别将复方利多卡因乳膏和石蜡油均匀涂于支气管插管的套囊及前端,麻醉诱导后行支气管内插管。记录诱导前(T1)、插管时(T2)、由仰卧位变侧卧位(T3)、由侧卧位变仰卧位(T4)、拔管时(T5)各时点SBP、DBP、HR的变化。结果:F组患者由侧卧位变仰卧位(T4)、拔管时(T5)SBP、DBP、HR均低于C组(P<0.05);C组患者由侧卧位变仰卧位(T4)、拔管时(T5)SBP、DBP、HR均高于诱导前(T1)、插管时(T2)(P<0.05)。结论:复方利多卡因乳膏用于全身麻醉支气管插管患者有利于保持血流动力学稳定。     

猪原位肝移植体外静脉转流中门脉系统插管的选择

目的比较在猪原位肝移植体外静脉转流中行门静脉插管或脾静脉插管对血流动力学的影响。方法选健康美国杜洛克猪60头，配对施行原位肝移植术，根据术中转流时门脉系统插管的不同．随机分为两组．即门静脉插管组(n=15)和脾静脉插管组(n=15)。术中连续监测两组动物血流动力学指标的变化。结果门静脉插管组15例中死亡2例．其中1例死于术中转流不畅，1例死于DIC；脾静脉插管组15例中死亡1例，死于失血性休克。脾静脉插管组无肝期为(44．5土7．6)min，明显短于门静脉插管组的(51．5土8．7)minoⅢ、Ⅳ期门静脉插管组血流动力学改变与脾静脉插管组相比差异有显著性意义(P＜O．05)。结论在猪原位肝移植体外静脉转流中采用脾静脉插管转流能缩短无肝期，保持术中血流动力学的相对稳定，减少术后相关并发症的发生，是一种有效的静脉转流途径。     

熵指数和脑电双频指数对伤害性刺激反应能力的对比研究

目的通过观察麻醉诱导插管期间熵指数和脑电双频指数（BIS）的变化,比较两者对伤害性刺激（如气管插管）的反应能力。方法20例择期手术病人入室后同时连接熵指数和BIS监护仪,进行常规气管内全麻,记录诱导前、意识消失时、插管前即刻、插管即刻、插管后1、3、5min各时间点所对应的RE、SE、BIS数值以及心率、平均动脉压、脉搏血氧饱和度数值。结果RE、SE、BIS值在诱导开始后逐渐下降,气管插管即刻RE、SE、BIS数值较插管前均明显升高,其中RE值升高最明显（P〈0.01）,随后恢复到插管前水平。气管插管后1minMAP较插管前显著升高（P〈0.01）,气管插管后HR数值较插管前显著增加（P〈0.01）。结论熵指数、BIS和血流动力学指标均能及时反映气管插管刺激,其中RE值较SE、BIS值升高更明显、更快速。     

Children at birth,children growing up. Integration between healthcare and family educational care

This research is based on the assumption that in order to improve the quality of life of children with major health problems in the early stage of their life, especially in the case of disability, it is necessary to ensure the continuity and proper two-way integration of early childhood educational planning and health care, both provided by the adults involved, that is parents and professionals. Therefore, we tried to explore and piece together the complex set of family support experiences, both in the process of forming an attachment and affiliation to the newborn and in the construction of a common evolutionary history, aimed at the well-being of the entire family unit. We considered the context and actors of the first few days and months in the lives of children with a difficult life course, in a city of Northern Italy. By means of qualitative investigation, we carried out observations in the neonatal intensive care units of hospitals over a period of 10 months. Our observations continued in the local healthcare, social, and educational services, entrusted with providing care to children and support to parents after hospital discharge. We also carried out observations in nursery schools, in order to highlight early forms of individualised educational planning, drawn up by the educators together with the family.     

Safe extubation of a parturient using an airway exchange technique

The difficult obstetric airway is a well-recognised anaesthetic challenge but little emphasis is placed on the difficulty of performing a safe tracheal extubation. We report the use of an airway exchange technique to extubate a difficult obstetric airway and discuss the role of these techniques in the obstetric population.     

P ARAMEDIC U SE OF E NDOTRACHEAL T UBE I NTRODUCERS FOR THE D IFFICULT A IRWAY

Objective. To evaluate the ability of paramedics to learn and apply the skill of introducer-aided oral intubation in the setting of the simulated “difficult airway.” The authors hypothesized that, following a brief introduction to the device, intubation success rates would not differ for traditional and introducer-aided intubations of an immobilized airway mannequin. Methods. During a paramedic recertification class, experienced paramedics were given a brief didactic introduction to the “bougie-like” Flex Guide endotracheal tube introducer (ETTI). The participants were then asked to intubate adult mannequins immobilized in the head-neutral position, with and without the ETTI. “Successful placement” was defined as completion of the procedure within 30 seconds and endotracheal tube position confirmed by the investigator with direct visualization. Results. For both traditional and ETTI intubations, 34 (97%) of the 35 paramedics successfully intubated within 30 seconds. The two unsuccessful intubation attempts were recognized by the paramedic as esophageal intubations, and correct tube placement was obtained within an additional 30 seconds. Conclusion. In this study, use of the ETTI was mastered by the participants after only a brief didactic introduction to the device, with their ability to intubate an immobilized mannequin using the ETTI being equal to their ability to perform traditional intubation. These results suggest that use of the ETTI is easily learned, and may support the device's role in the prehospital management of the difficult airway.