鞍隔孔区解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的 通过鞍隔孔区结构的解剖学研究,分析经蝶入路脑脊液漏的发生机制,以及空蝶鞍(ES)的形成原因. 方法 对8例胎儿标本进行组织学连续切片后,做HE和Masson染色,并在显微镜下对鞍隔孔附近结构进行观察;另取10例成人尸头标本,模拟经蝶入路手术,并在手术显微镜下观察鞍隔孔区解剖结构. 结果 鞍上蛛网膜在垂体柄上端和其表面的软脑膜紧密结合,并转折进入鞍内;同时在垂体上表面处,鞍隔从四周紧密包绕并和表面的软脑膜紧密结合,而难以从组织学切片上分辨二者的界限:鞍上蛛网膜池由于蛛网膜、软脑膜和鞍隔的束缚而终止于鞍隔孔上部. 结论 鞍隔、软脑膜和鞍上蛛网膜三者之间存在着严密的解剖学关系,其也是防止脑脊液漏和ES发生的关键因素.这三者的先天性缺损、生理性或者病理性破坏,尤其是在经蝶入路中对垂体腺瘤的过分牵拉,导致鞍上蛛网膜和软脑膜分离或者破裂,可能是造成术中脑脊液漏发生的重要原因;另外鞍隔、软脑膜和垂体上表面之间的分离也可能是造成ES的关键因素.     

Hepatic pulmonary fusion in an infant with a right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia and contralateral mediastinal shift

Hepatic pulmonary fusion is extremely rare with only 9 previous cases reported in the literature. In typical cases, the clinician should be alerted to the possibility of hepatic pulmonary fusion if the chest radiograph shows a large opacity on the right side without a contralateral mediastinal shift. The authors present a case of right-sided diaphragmatic hernia and hepatic pulmonary fusion with associated contralateral mediastinal shift discovered beyond the neonatal period. The 9 previous cases were retrospectively reviewed with special attention to mediastinal shift on preoperative chest radiograph, operative procedure, and mortality. Only one previous case demonstrated a contralateral mediastinal shift. The most common procedure performed was partial separation of the hepatic pulmonary fusion and approximation of the diaphragmatic defect. Four of the previous 9 patients died. In our case, reduction of bowel and approximation of the diaphragmatic defect around the fused liver and lung have been successful.     

21例创伤性膈肌破裂临床分析

目的:探讨创伤性膈肌破裂的诊治体会.方法:回顾性分析我科2003年3月至2006年8月收治的21例创伤性膈肌破裂的临床资料.结果:所有病例均行剖胸探查、膈肌修补术,其中左侧膈肌破裂13例(61.9%),右侧膈肌破裂7例(33.3%),双侧膈肌破裂1例(4.76%).术后肺不张3例行纤支镜检查治疗,2例无效再行气管切开.治愈20例(95.24%),随访胸片正常,无肺功能受损;死亡1例(4.76%).结论:创伤性膈肌破裂应早期明确诊断,急诊开胸探查,修补破裂膈肌.对意识不清、咳痰乏力患者应早期行气管切开,保障呼吸道畅通,预防肺部感染.     

Silo-assisted closure of a late-presenting diaphragmatic hernia

The use of silicone elastomer silos in neonates with ventral abdominal defects such as omphalocele and gastroschisis has been well documented. We believe this to be the first reported use of a silo for abdominal closure in an older child with delayed presentation of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia. In addition, absorbable mesh splenopexy was used for a partly-torsed, wandering spleen. Offprint requests to: H. Gibbs Andrews     

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — succesful treatment after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia successfully treated by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is reported. A female baby weighing 3.4 kg was admitted 3 h after birth because of respiratory distress. Her left diaphragmatic hernia was repaired 5 h after birth by laparotomy. The AaDO₂ levels were higher than 500 mmHg before and after the operation. She was managed by high-frequency ventilation and administration of tolazoine for the first 58 h. These effects were temporary, however, and she reverted into persistent fetal circulation three times. Therefore, ECMO was started at 59 h after birth. When the flow rate of ECMO reached 320 ml/min, the newborn entered a state of complete lung rest. Her general condition improved slowly, and ECMO was successfully terminated after 60 h of bypass. This was the first successful case in Japan. Offprint requests to: M. Nagaya     

“Acquired” congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A case of late presentation of left congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in a boy of 9 months is reported. A chest X-ray taken after (premature) birth gave normal results; hence this type of CDH is called acquired. Not being associated with pulmonary hypoplasia, this condition is difficult to diagnose. The patient presented as an emergency and the initial diagnosis was tension pneumothorax. This resulted in the insertion of a chest tube, fortunately without damage to the herniated stomach and spleen. Doubling upward of the tip of the nasogastric tube led to the correct diagnosis. After successful repair of the diaphragm the child made a full recovery.Abbreviations CDH congenital diaphragmatic hernia - CPAP continuous positive airway pressure     

Cholinergic and purinergic contribution to the micturition reflex in conscious rats with long-term bladder outlet obstruction

The urethra of female Wistar rats was partially obstructed for 15 weeks. The effects of atropine (1 mg/kg i.v.), suramin (100 mg/kg i.v.), and a combination of atropine and suramin on the peak micturition pressure (MP) were compared during cystometry in conscious rats controls or subjected to outlet obstruction. On the isolated bladder dome, we studied the inhibitory effect of 1 micromol/L atropine, 1 mmol/L suramin, and the combination of the two drugs on contractions induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS). We studied also the contractile response to 80 mmol/L KCl and the concentration-response curves to noradrenaline, phenylephrine, and carbachol on the bladder dome and bladder neck and alpha, beta-methylene adenosine triphosphate on the bladder dome. In conscious rats, the MP, bladder capacity, and micturition volume were significantly higher in obstructed rats than in controls. Suramin induced the same inhibition in the two groups of animals (-30.7 +/- 13.3% in controls and -29.2 +/- 8.5% in obstructed rats). Atropine decreased the MP, but this effect was twofold greater in obstructed animals (-28.1 +/- 3.1% and -65.1 +/- 6.9% in control and obstructed animals, respectively). However, the combined effect of atropine and suramin was additive in controls but not in obstructed (-56.7 +/- 5.4% and -55.9 +/- 9.4%, respectively). Similar results were obtained in vitro using 1 micromol/L atropine and 1 mmol/L suramin. In the obstructed bladder dome and bladder neck, we found a great reduction in KCl- and carbachol-induced contractility but no difference in the response to EFS. Responses to noradrenaline and phenylephrine were moderately reduced in the bladder neck only, whereas responses to alpha, beta-methylene adenosine triphosphate in the bladder dome were not reduced except at the concentration of 300 micromol/L. We conclude that long-term obstruction in rats could induce cholinergic nerve fiber proliferation as suggested by the decrease in M(3) muscarinic receptor contractility (desensitization) and by a greater sensitivity of the MP to atropine.     

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: experience without extracoporeal membrane oxygenation

While extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), its value is questioned. The charts of all newborn infants who presented in respiratory distress due to CDH over the past 27 years were reviewed. Inborn versus outborn, year of repair, use of ultrasound (US), and the predictive value of various parameters was evaluated. Fisher's exact test and logistic regression tests were used to analyze data. There were 81 patients, 43 males and 38 females. Repair occurred after stabilization without ECMO; 65 patients survived (80%). Apgar scores at 1 min (P=0.03) and 5 min (P=0.005), best postductal PaO₂ (BPDPaO₂) (P=0.02), and type of repair (P=0.01) were predictive of outcome. There was no difference in survival between inborn and outborn patients or over the years of review (P=0.29). Forty-six patients had documented prenatal US scans, with no obvious impact on outcome. Thus, survival of CDH patients without ECMO is comparable to the best results reported with ECMO, suggesting that the costs and associated morbidity of ECMO may not justify its use for such patients. Apgar scores, BPDPaO₂, and type of repair are good predictors of outcome. Accepted: 9 March 2001     

Transient mega-esophagus in a neonate with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Esophageal dilatation (ED) in neonates is rare. In the present case, ED was detected in a chest radiograph following repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in a term neonate. A roentgenographic swallow study on the seventh day of life demonstrated ED and a sub-diaphragmatic stomach. The infant thrived adequately on enteral feeding. A swallow study on the twentieth day of life showed a normal-width esophagus with gastroesophageal reflux and small hiatus hernia. The longstanding herniated stomach in the fetus apparently caused kinking, edema, and obstruction of the gastroesophageal junction. This led to a significant ED and concealment of gastroesophageal reflux. We aim to arouse awareness about the occurrence of ED with CDH, and about its benign course under conservative management. Received: 12 May 2000 Revised: 3 August 2000 Accepted: 4 August 2000     

Roux-en-Y jejunostomy button in infants

Establishing enteral feeding in high-risk infants with significant gastroesophageal reflux is a difficult challenge. Some patients are considered at very high risk for fundoplication and gastrostomy due to unstable medical conditions, dense upper-abdominal adhesions due to previous surgical procedures, or unfavorable anatomy. We describe a less invasive operation that provides jejunal feeding in a way that is safe, reliable, and convenient for the family. Accepted: 4 March 1999