野战无电源洗片装置的研制与应用

无动力源洗片装置,由洗片箱、暗房和与洗片过程有关的辅助设施构成,并尽量采用符合野战和目前部队装备的材料.它可以较好地帮助放射科工作人员完成平时的训练任务,使其了解摄影后的X线片进入洗片过程的步骤要领,达到熟悉和适应野战条件下的野战影像技术要求;同时该装置还可作为野战医院或卫生队平时的洗片之用.     

突破传统办医模式用创新理念构建现代新型医院

从观念、体制、制度和经营创新几方面介绍深圳市中心医院突破传统办医模式,用创新理念构建现代新型医院的做法和成效.在体制上,探索院-校、院-企良性互动的发展战略;在制度上,探索解决深层次矛盾的有效机制;在经营上,探索利于医院可持续发展的产业框架.     

9～16岁中小学生自我意识与父母养育方式的关系

目的 研究中小学生自我意识与父母养育方式的发展状况和相互关系.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样,对小学四年级至高一319名9～16岁学生进行儿童自我意识量表和父母养育方式评价量表的施测和数据分析.结果 自我意识总分及其除合群以外的分量表,在各年级间差异有显著性(F=2.170～4.288,P＜0.05),以及除父亲过分干涉,父亲过度保护,母亲过分干涉、过度保护和母亲惩罚、严厉四个因子以外的父母养育方式大部分因子,在各年级间均有差异(F=2.449～7.596,P＜0.05).自我意识的最高值[自我意识总分(61.05±9.00)分,行为(13.85±1.94)分,智力与学校情况(11.48±3.10)分,躯体外貌与属性(8.33±2.50)分,焦虑(10.13±2.39)分,幸福与满足(8.38±1.23)分]以及父亲惩罚、严厉,拒绝、否认和母亲拒绝、否认的最低值[分别为(15.08±2.80)分,(7.33±2.23)分和(10.43±3.26)分]均在小学六年级(P＜0.05).父母情感温暖、理解与自我意识总分及其分量表呈正相关(r=0.188～0.389);父母惩罚、严厉,母亲拒绝、否认分别与自我意识总分及其分量表呈负相关(r=-0.112～-0.540);除躯体外貌与属性一个分量表,父亲拒绝、否认与自我意识总分和其余各分量表呈负相关(r=-0.160～-0.420);以上均为显著相关(P＜0.05).结论 中小学生自我意识与父母养育方式相互影响,且均随儿童年龄的增长而呈曲线发展.     

Colorectal cancer in Egypt

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review the age distribution and pathology features of colorectal cancer in Egypt. METHODS: A seven-year review (retrospective in first six years, prospective in the seventh) of all colorectal adenocarcinoma patients (N = 177; 104 males; mean age, 46; range, 19–74 years) presented to the Department of Surgery, Ain Shams University, was performed. Data from three other major hospitals throughout the country were retrieved and compared with Ain Shams data. Retrospective data were retrieved from patients files and surgery and pathology records. Family history of colorectal cancer and other characteristic hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer tumors was obtained prospectively in all patients. RESULTS: According to Ain Shams data, the disease had no predilection to a specific age group. Thirty-eight percent of the tumors occurred in patients aged less than 40 years, and only 15 percent of patients were aged above 60 years. None of the young patients fulfilled the Amsterdam criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Seventy-five percent of tumors occurred in the left side, 3 percent were Dukes A, and 58 percent were Dukes C. Synchronous and metachronous tumors occurred in 2.8 and 4.5 percent of patients, respectively. Adenomas were present in 5.6 percent of patients and bilharziasis in 3.4 percent of resection specimens. Data from different centers were remarkably similar to Ain Shams results. CONCLUSION: Colorectal cancer in Egypt has no age predilection and more than one-third of tumors affects a young population. The high prevalence in young people can neither be explained on a hereditary basis nor can it be attributed to bilharziasis. The disease usually presents at an advanced stage, and predisposing adenomas are rare. Similarity of the data from different centers suggests that this is the picture of colorectal cancer typical of Egypt.     

Fifty-year mortality trends in three rural African villages

OBJECTIVE: To determine differential improvements in mortality rates according to age, and to discuss differences in neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates, using longitudinal data from the past 50 years in three rural Gambian villages. METHODS: All villagers whose date of birth was recorded were followed up until death or October 1997. A Lexis expansion was performed to categorize age: early neonatal, late neonatal, infant, 1-4 years, 5-14 years and 15 or more years. Calendar time was divided into three periods -- prior to 1975, 1975-1984 and after 1985, representing different levels of clinical care. Cox regression and likelihood-ratio test were used to model the hazards ratios. RESULTS: There were 3981 subjects included in the analysis with a total of 59 002 person-years follow-up. There was a dramatic decrease in neonatal (44 to 15), infant (162 to 36) and under-five mortality rates (397-66 per 1000) from pre-1975 to the present. The disproportionate decrease in the mortality rates means that neonatal deaths accounted for a greater percentage of post-natal deaths in later years. There was a marked seasonality in mortality rates with significantly more deaths in the 'hungry' season prior to 1975 (odds = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.62-2.17) and from 1975 to 1984 (odds = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.34-2.53). This seasonality of death has diminished in recent years (odds = 1.23; 95% CI = 0.85-1.76). CONCLUSION: Our analysis indicates a dramatic reduction in mortality rates and an attenuation in the seasonality of death. It is likely that the efficient implementation of basic currently available health measures was one of the key elements in achieving such a major reduction in mortality.     

Microbiota That Affect Risk for Shigellosis in Children in Low-Income Countries

Pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract exist within a vast population of microbes. We examined associations between pathogens and composition of gut microbiota as they relate to Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infection. We analyzed 3,035 stool specimens (1,735 nondiarrheal and 1,300 moderate-to-severe diarrheal) from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study for 9 enteropathogens. Diarrheal specimens had a higher number of enteropathogens (diarrheal mean 1.4, nondiarrheal mean 0.95; p<0.0001). Rotavirus showed a negative association with Shigella spp. in cases of diarrhea (odds ratio 0.31, 95% CI 0.17–0.55) and had a large combined effect on moderate-to-severe diarrhea (odds ratio 29, 95% CI 3.8–220). In 4 Lactobacillus taxa identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the association between pathogen and disease was decreased, which is consistent with the possibility that Lactobacillus spp. are protective against Shigella spp.–induced diarrhea. Bacterial diversity of gut microbiota was associated with diarrhea status, not high levels of the Shigella spp. ipaH gene.