高频超声诊断小儿腹外型未触及睾丸

目的 探讨高频超声对小儿腹外型未触及睾丸的诊断价值.方法 对48例(53侧)腹外型未触及睾丸患儿,术前应用高频超声检查确定睾丸的部位、大小,并与手术病理学结果对比,分析睾丸残余与睾丸缺如结节大小、健侧睾丸大小的差异.结果 高频超声诊断腹外型未触及睾丸的总检出率为83.02%(44/53),腹股沟型近区内环口处检出率为100%(4/4);腹股沟型伴嵌顿疝检出率为100%(2/2);睾丸残余及睾丸缺如检出率为80.85%(38/47).声像图示小结节与腹股沟区低回声条索样精索结构相连,轮廓欠清,CDFI于内部均未探及明显血流信号.单侧腹外型睾丸残余结节长径[(0.71±0.08)cm]大于睾丸缺如结节[(0.62±0.14)cm],差异有统计学意义(F=4.698,P=0.037),而前后径及健侧睾丸大小差异均无统计学意义(P均 <0.05).结论 高频超声对腹外型未触及睾丸有一定的定位诊断价值,对临床手术方式、部位的选择有参考作用.     

核素血流灌注显像和B超诊断腹股沟隐睾的对比

目的探讨核素睾丸血流灌注显像诊断腹股沟隐睾的诊断价值,并与超声检查结果比较.方法45例未能触及型隐睾患者,术前分别行核素睾丸血流灌注显像和B超检查,术后与病理检查结果对照,比较两组结果.另10例正常对照者行睾丸血流灌注显像.结果核素显像及B超对腹股沟隐睾诊断的灵敏度分别为91%和53%,准确率分别为93%和62%,两者均有极显著性差异(P＜0.01).核素显像和B超检查诊断腹股沟隐睾与病理诊断的阴性符合率分别为90%和33%,两者有显著性差异(P＜0.05),阳性符合率分别为93%和100%,两者未见显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论睾丸血流灌注显像可作为继B超之后诊断腹股沟隐睾的有效检查方法.     

隐睾患儿术后性激素和抗精子抗体的检测

目的探讨隐睾患儿抗精子抗体(AsAb)与手术、绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)应用的相关性及术后血清雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)水平的变化。方法随机抽取隐睾患儿40例,分为应用HCG组(12例)及未用HCG组(28例)取腹股沟手术和正常同龄儿各20例作为对照组,检测各组血清AsAb、E2、T水平。结果各组患儿血清E2、T水平结果比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在40例隐睾患儿组中IgG阳性率为53.57%,腹股沟手术组中IgG阳性率为15.00%,正常对照组无一例AsAb阳性;HCG治疗组与未用HCG治疗组AsAb阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论隐睾患儿AsAb产生的机制可能与血睾屏障的破坏、内分泌紊乱等因素有关;应用HCG对AsAb的产生无影响。     

微型腹腔镜下微创治疗小儿鞘膜积液与隐睾症

目的：探讨微型腹腔镜下内环口关闭术与睾丸下降固定术治疗小儿鞘膜积液与隐睾症的方法及疗效。方法：设治疗组微型腹腔镜下内环口关闭术与睾丸下降固定术治疗小儿鞘膜积液与隐睾症和对照组开放手术治疗小儿鞘膜积液与隐睾症,比较两组的平均手术时间、术后平均住院时间、术后并发症发生率的差异。结果：治疗组与对照组的术后平均住院时间、术后并发症发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,平均手术时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：微型腹腔镜下内环口关闭术与睾丸下降固定术治疗小儿鞘膜积液与隐睾症的方法创伤小,恢复快,并发症少,较开放手术更具优势,值得临床推广应用。     

Simple placement of prosthetic testes in children

Testicular prostheses are inserted for cosmetic reasons for absent testes or after an orchidectomy. Most complications related to testicular prostheses insertions are due to excessive tissue and prostheses handling. We describe a simple and reliable technique of insertion of testicular prostheses that provides a good cosmetic outcome and could potentially minimise complications.     

Testicular and paratesticular pathology in infants and children: the histopathological experience of a tertiary paediatric unit over a 17 year period

To examine the pathological features of paediatric testicular and paratesticular lesions from a tertiary referral centre and describe their relative pathological frequency, highlighting relevant epidemiological and histopathological findings. A search was made of a computerised histopathology database covering the period from 1988 to 2004 inclusive to identify cases of testicular and paratesticular pathologies, and the clinical and histopathological features reviewed. Five hundred and fifty-one appropriate specimens underwent histological examination during the period. Three hundred and eleven (56%) presented with an impalpable testis with or without intersex disorder and 121 (22%) with a testicular/paratesticular mass. While metastatic leukaemic testicular involvement (N = 47) was the commonest tumour identified in this preselected series, at a peak of 8 years, primary testicular tumours such as yolk sac and teratoma were most commonly identified in infancy. Of 109 (20%) presenting with an acutely painful scrotum, the largest group (47%) represented torsion of the appendix testis. The vast majority of pathological samples arose from children less than 4 years of age in accordance with the predominance of cryptorchidism, 'vanished' testis, neonatal torsion and testicular tumours in this age group. The findings of this study demonstrate the spectrum of testicular pathology in childhood. Neoplasms represented >20% of the pathology, but the largest clinical group of pathological specimens in this patient population is associated with clinically impalpable or the palpably abnormal testis.     

Development and descent of the testis in relation to cryptorchidism

The testis descends in two phases. Animal studies suggest, that the transabdominal descent of the testis depends on the insulin-like hormone 3 (INSL3). Androgens are important in the inguinoscrotal testicular descent in animals and humans. In general, the cause of cryptorchidism is unknown and the aetiology is possibly multifactorial. Histological changes in cryptorchid testes demonstrate disturbed development. Conclusion: Since testicular descent is regulated by testis-derived hormones, cryptorchidism may reflect a functional defect of the testis.