宫颈癌术后调强计划稳健性研究

目的:通过移动等中心模拟系统误差,探讨宫颈癌术后调强放射治疗（IMRT）中剂量分布受系统摆位误差的敏感程度。方法:分别制定30例宫颈癌术后IMRT计划,在治疗计划中移动等中心,假设每次治疗时系统误差都为同一方向,每位患者沿原始x、y、z轴各移动等中心±3.0、±5.0和±7.0 mm模拟左右、腹背、头脚方向系统摆位误差对剂量分布的影响,在不改变优化条件的情况,重新计算剂量分布,得到30个参考计划与540个再计划DVH参数。配对t检验不同方向差异。结果:误差为3、5和7 mm时,CTV D98和PTV V95下降平均偏差分别为0.16%和0.55%、0.44%和1.72%、0.89%和3.41%;小肠、直肠、膀胱、左股骨头和右股骨头V50超标频率分别为2.22%、0.00%、0.00%、0.00%和0.00%,11.11%、2.22%、0.00%、4.44%和4.44%,15.56%、6.67%、2.78%、13.33%和14.44%。采用配对t检验对不同方向误差进行对比时发现:（1）y轴方向摆位误差比x和z轴方向对CTV D98和PTV V95影响更敏感（P<0.05, P<0.05）;（2）背方向摆位误差比其他方向对小肠和膀胱V50 影响更敏感（P<0.05, P<0.05）;（3）腹方向摆位误差比其他方向对直肠V50影响更敏感（P<0.05）;（4）右方向摆位误差比其他方向对左股骨头V50影响更敏感（P<0.05）;（5）左方向摆位误差比其他方向对右股骨头V50影响更敏感（P<0.05）。结论:摆位误差较小时（<5 mm）,靶区剂量和小肠、膀胱、直肠、左右股骨头V50受摆位误差敏感程度较小,宫颈癌术后IMRT计划较稳健。当摆位误差增大时,宫颈癌术后IMRT计划不再稳健,治疗前一定需要寻找原因,如有必要还需重新做体位固定装置。     

人乳头瘤病毒6/11、16/18型的检测及临床意义

目的 用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)法检测低危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)(如6/11)和高危型HPV(如16/18),探讨其在宫颈癌防治方面的意义.方法 采用实时荧光定量PCR对2 162例不同年龄组患者进行HPV-DNA(6/11、16/18)检测.结果 低危型HPV的感染率为11.78%,高危型 HPV的感染率为11.40%,二者的感染率差别不大.结论 HPV为泌尿生殖道感染的重要病原,对妇女进行高危及低危型HPV-DNA检测对早期诊断、治疗具有重要的指导意义,高危型HPV在宫颈癌早期病变的筛查中具有风险提示作用.     

Is Sub-occipital Padding Necessary to Maintain Optimal Alignment of the Unstable Spine in the Prehospital Setting? A Preliminary Report

Background

As prehospital emergency rescuers prepare cervical spine-injured adult patients for immobilization and transport to hospital, it is essential that patients be placed in a favorable position. Previously, it was recommended that patients with cervical spine injuries be immobilized in a slightly flexed position using pads placed beneath the head. However, it is unknown how neck flexion created with pad placement affects the unstable spine.

Objective

To determine the effects of three different head positions on the alignment of unstable vertebral segments.

Methods

Five cadavers with a complete segmental instability at the C5 and C6 level were included in the study. The head was either placed directly on the ground (or spine board) or on foam pads. Three conditions were tested: no pad; pads 2.84 cm thick; and pads 4.26 cm thick. Pads were positioned beneath the head to determine their effect on spinal alignment. Anterior-posterior translation, flexion-extension motion, and axial displacement across the unstable segment were compared between conditions.

Results

Although statistical tests failed to identify any significant differences between pad conditions, some meaningful results were noted. In general, the “no pad” condition aligned the spine in a position that best replicated the intact spine.

Conclusions

Because the goal of emergency rescuers is to conserve whatever physiologic or structural integrity of the spinal cord and spinal column that remains, the outcome of this study suggests that this goal may be best achieved using the “no pad” condition. However, it is recommended that more research be conducted to confirm these preliminary findings.     

Is brace necessary after cervical surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background:Currently, there are increasing surgical treatments for neck pain. However, whether to use cervical brace after operation remains poorly defined. We aim to clear the clinical efficacy of the use of cervical brace after cervical surgery.Methods:We searched for relevant studies in 8 electronic databases up to March 2021. The mean difference and 95% confidence intervals were used for continuous data. Cochrane Collaboration’s tool was used to assess the risk of bias. The data were collected and input into the Review Manager 5.3 software (The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark).Results:Four randomized controlled trials were finally included in our study. For pain, the pooled analysis showed that postoperative neck brace compared with no brace can relieve neck pain at all follow-up periods except 6 months. For neck disability index, the result showed that postoperative neck brace compared with no brace can improve neck disability index during the 3 to 12 month follow-up period. However, no significant difference was identified between 2 groups within the follow-up of 6 weeks after surgery. In addition, the result tends to get the opposite at follow-up of 24 months. For 36-Short form health survey Physical Component Summary, there was no significant difference between 2 groups in the early 3 weeks after surgery, but the results were changed after 3 weeks. For 36-short form health survey Mental Component Summary, there appears to be no significant change between 2 groups at all time intervals.Conclusion:Wearing a cervical brace after cervical surgery is conducive to improving symptoms after cervical surgery at different stages. However, there is no relevant evidence indicating it can improve the mental health of postoperative patients. Higher quality, large prospective randomized studies are needed to verify the current conclusions.     

社区颈椎病患者运动康复的疗效研究

目的:观察全身性拳操运动结合局部颈椎操锻炼(定量运动)对社区颈椎病患者的康复疗效。方法:对上海市南京东路街道某社区35—74岁常驻居民1457人进行社区慢性疾病的入户问卷调查,检出既往医院有明确诊断的颈椎病患者,由专业医务人员评定患者的临床症状和阳性体征。对其中114名颈椎病患者实施为期3个月的运动康复治疗,包括中等强度的全身性拳操运动及局部颈椎操,3个月后进行疗效评定。结果:114例颈椎病患者经过3个月运动康复后,治愈44例(38.6%),显效40例(35.1%),有效25例(21.9%),无效5例(4.4%),治愈显效率73.7%,总有效率95.6%。研究发现,颈型和神经根型颈椎病患者的治愈显效率要显著高于椎动脉型、交感神经型和混合型患者(P<0.01),且病程越短疗效越佳,病程在5年以内的颈椎病患者治愈显效率远高于病程在5年以上的患者(P<0.01)。结论:在社区范围内组织颈椎病患者进行定量的拳操运动并结合颈椎操锻炼,可有效治疗颈椎病。     

Thrombolysis in Cervical Artery Dissection – Data from the Cervical Artery Dissection and Ischaemic Stroke Patients (CADISP) database

Objective: To examine whether thrombolysis for stroke attributable to cervical artery dissection (CeAD_Stroke) affects outcome and major haemorrhage rates. Methods: We used a multicentre CeAD_Stroke database to compare CeAD_Stroke patients treated with and without thrombolysis. Main outcome measures were favourable 3‐month outcome (modified Rankin Scale 0–2) and ‘major haemorrhage’ [any intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) and major extracranial haemorrhage]. Adjusted odds ratios [OR (95% confidence intervals)] were calculated on the whole database and on propensity‐matched groups. Results: Among 616 CeAD_Stroke patients, 68 (11.0%) received thrombolysis; which was used in 55 (81%) intravenously. Thrombolyzed patients had more severe strokes (median NIHSS score 16 vs. 3; P < 0.001) and more often occlusion of the dissected artery (66.2% vs. 39.4%; P < 0.001). After adjustment for stroke severity and vessel occlusion, the likelihood for favourable outcome did not differ between the treatment groups [OR_adjusted 0.95 (95% CI 0.45–2.00)]. The propensity matching score model showed that the odds to recover favourably were virtually identical for 64 thrombolyzed and 64 non‐thrombolyzed‐matched CeAD_Stroke patients [OR 1.00 (0.49–2.00)]. Haemorrhages occurred in 4 (5.9%) thrombolyzed patients, all being asymptomatic ICHs. In the non‐thrombolysis group, 3 (0.6%) patients had major haemorrhages [asymptomatic ICH (n = 2) and major extracranial haemorrhage (n = 1)]. Conclusion: As thrombolysis was neither independently associated with unfavourable outcome nor with an excess of symptomatic bleedings, our findings suggest thrombolysis should not be withheld in CeAD_Stroke patients. However, the lack of any trend towards a benefit of thrombolysis may indicate the legitimacy to search for more efficient treatment options including mechanical revascularization strategies.     

Ultrastructural detection of neuronally transported choleragenoid by postembedding immunocytochemistry in freeze-substituted Lowicryl HM20™ embedded tissue

Choleragenoid (cholera toxin B-fragment; CTB) is an anterograde, retrograde and transganglionic neuronal tracer. We describe a method for detecting CTB-labeled neuronal cell bodies, neurites and boutons at the ultrastructural level, using postembedding immunogold techniques on freeze-substituted Lowicryl HM20™ embedded nervous tissue. Primary afferents and motoneurons were labeled by injection of CTB in the dorsal ramus of the C2 spinal nerve of the rat. Following fixation with paraformaldehyde (4%) and glutaraldehyde (0.25%), tissue sections from the spinal cord C2 segment were freeze-substituted and embedded in Lowicryl HM20™ and subsequently processed with postembedding immunocytochemistry for CTB and glutamate. Immunogold particles indicating CTB immunoreactivity were found over primary afferents and motoneurons. In primary afferents in the central cervical nucleus (CCN) and motor nuclei, immunogold labeling was seen in boutons over vesicle-containing axoplasm and to a lesser extent over axoplasm devoid of vesicles, but not over mitochondria or axolemma. In motoneurons, immunogold particles were seen over the Golgi apparatus in the soma and over lysosomes in both soma and dendrites. Quantification of glutamate-like immunoreactivity in 20 CTB-labeled and 20 CTB-negative boutons in the neuropil was found similar, indicating that CTB does not interfere with the immunocytochemical detection of neuronal epitopes such as the transmitter substance glutamate.     

Synaptic transmission in the decentralized middle cervical ganglion of the dog

The middle cervical ganglion (MCG) was decentralized in 30 dogs by cutting the thoracic vagus and rami on one side. Two or more cardiopulmonary nerves were then dissected free and placed on bipolar stimulating and recording electrodes in mineral-oil baths. Stimulation of one cardiopulmonary nerve generated a compound action potential (CAP) in one or two others. The CAP was altered by changing the frequency of stimulation and by stimulating preganglionic fibers in the rami. These alterations displayed latency changes and temporal summation or inhibition. The ansae were sectioned to neurally isolate the MCG from the stellate ganglion. A CAP generated after blockade by hexamethonium, atropine, propranolol and phentolamine was abolished transiently by chymotrypsin, and for longer periods by manganese, injected locally into the MCG. These results suggest that a CAP that is generated by stimulating one cardiopulmonary nerve in a decentralized MCG and recorded from another may result from synaptic activity in the MCG and that complex neuronal interactions occur within the MCG.