声脉冲辐射力弹性成像评估肝纤维化程度的动物实验研究

背景　肝纤维化是肝硬化、肝细胞癌的前期病变,早期治疗可以延缓肝纤维化的进展速度。目前肝纤维化程度的诊断方法主要有肝穿刺活检术、血清学标志物等,但各诊断方法又各有其缺陷。目的　通过建立兔肝纤维化模型,探讨应用声脉冲辐射力弹性成像（ARFI）技术评估兔肝纤维化程度的诊断价值。方法　2015年4-10月选用健康新西兰大白兔44只,随机选取36只为实验组,8只为对照组。实验组给予皮下注射四氯化碳（CCl4）16周建立兔肝纤维化模型,起始剂量为0.3 ml/kg,剂量递增,第4周剂量为0.4 ml/kg,第5周后剂量为0.5 ml/kg;对照组给予相同剂量0.9%氯化钠溶液。分别于造模第4、6、8、10、12、14、16周随机选取实验组3~6只,对照组1~2只,应用ARFI检查活体、离体兔肝横向剪切波速度（SWV、SWV1）。每次检查完成后采用空气栓塞法处死兔并取兔肝组织先行苏木素-伊红（HE）染色,而后行Masson 染色,确定兔肝纤维化病理分期,采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）及ROC曲线下面积（AUC）评价ARFI评估肝纤维化分级的诊断价值。结果　至造模第16周时,成功建立各分期的兔肝纤维化模型。病理检查结果示：对照组兔肝脏病理学检查均正常,无纤维化;实验组36只兔最终死亡4只,造模成功32只（肝纤维化分期为F1期6只、F2期10只、F3期8只、F4期8只）,造模成功率为88.9%（32/36）。实验组F1~F4期的SWV、SWV1大于对照组,实验组F2~F4期的SWV、SWV1大于实验组F1期,实验组F3~F4期的SWV、SWV1大于实验组F2期,实验组F4期SWV1大于实验组F3期（P<0.05）;对照组及实验组F1~F4期SWV1均大于SWV（P<0.05）。通过ROC曲线分析,SWV诊断肝纤维化≥F2期、≥F3期、F4期的AUC分别为0.901、0.939、0.945（P均<0.001）,截断值分别为2.21、2.29、2.36 m/s,灵敏度分别为80.8%、87.5%、87.5%,特异度分别为83.3%、87.5%、79.3%;SWV1诊断肝纤维化≥F2期、≥F3期、F4期的AUC分别为0.901、0.901、0.958（P均<0.001）,截断值分别为2.58、2.92、3.26 m/s,灵敏度分别为80.8%、81.3%、87.5%,特异度分别为83.3%、87.5%、95.8%。结论　采用ARFI检查的SWV、SWV1可用于评估肝纤维化程度,SWV、SWV1诊断兔肝纤维化程度各期的AUC均大于0.9,具有较好的诊断效能。     

Comparison of wound closure techniques in median sternotomy scars in children: subcuticular suture versus Steri-Strip™ S

Objectives: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare subcuticular sutures and Steri-Strip? S in closing median sternotomy incisions in children with regard to wound healing and scar formation.

Methods: Fifty-three children and adolescents were enrolled in this study who all underwent a median sternotomy at age 0–18?years and had their presternal cutaneous wounds closed with either a running subcuticular suture (Group 1) or Steri-Strip? S (Group 2). Their scars were assessed using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS). Secondary outcome measures were the scar measurements and the incidence of wound problems post-surgery.

Results: A significant difference was found between both groups in median POSAS observer scale scores for the items thickness (p?=?.027), pliability (p?=?.045), surface area (p?=?.045) and the total score (p?=?.048). All in favor of the subcuticular suture group. There were no significant differences concerning the POSAS patient scale scores. Middle parts of scars of patients in Group 2 were significantly broader (p?=?.001) than scars of patients in Group 1. No significant differences concerning wound problems were found.

Conclusions: There are, according to our results, no significant differences in wound healing of median sternotomy incisions in children closed with either a subcuticular suture or Steri-Strip? S. Significant differences do exist regarding scar formation and final cosmetic results of the scars, in favor of subcuticular closure.     

剪切波弹性成像在乳腺良恶性病变中的应用进展

乳腺癌发病率逐年上升,且趋于年轻化。鉴别乳腺良恶性病变是预防、诊断及治疗乳腺癌的重点。剪切波弹性成像是一项新的超声定量技术,已在乳腺、甲状腺、腮腺、睾丸等组织病变呈现出重要临床应用价值。本文就剪切波弹性成像对鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的应用进展进行综述。     

肩袖关节侧部分撕裂的手术方式及疗效分析

目的探讨和分析关节镜下修补肩袖关节侧部分撕裂(PASTA)的手术方法,包括穿肌腱修补法和转全层修补法治疗Ellman 3级肩袖关节侧部分撕裂的疗效及优缺点。 方法本次回顾性研究,分析了2015年3月至2017年6月期间因肩袖关节侧部分撕裂于南京医科大学第一附属医院骨科行手术治疗的全部患者,肩袖撕裂程度Ellman 3级(排除Ellman 1级和2级)的病例纳入本次研究,共42例。术中关节镜下根据滑囊侧残留肩袖组织的完整性、质地和张力等情况进行评估后,按手术修补方式分为穿肌腱修补组(肌腱组)20例,和转全层修补组(全层组)22例。肌腱组患者术中保留滑囊侧残留的肩袖组织,采用穿肌腱法修补肩袖;全层组患者术中清除滑囊侧残留的肩袖组织,直接转为全层撕裂,然后进行单排固定修补肩袖。术前、术后24 h及末次随访时对所有入组患者采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)进行疼痛评估。术前及术后末次随访时采用Constant-Murley肩关节评分(CSS)及洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学评分(UCLA)对所有入组患者进行肩关节功能评估。对比分析两组患者术后疗效及并发症发生情况,计数资料(性别、优势手和肩部外伤史等)采用χ²检验,同一组内术前术后计量资料对比采用配对t检验。 结果42例患者均获得随访,随访时间6～30个月,平均(16±7)个月。两组患者术后24 h及末次随访时VAS评分均较术前明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。平均CSS评分从术前的(49.6±5.5)、(51.3±5.2)分别增加至(84.2±7.2)、(82.6±6.5),平均UCLA评分从术前的(18.4±3.2)、(17.7±2.3)分别增加至(32.1±2.2)、(31.2±2.2),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者术后24 h时疼痛评分对比存在差异,具有统计学意义(t＝2.8, P<0.05)。比较两组患者末次随访时的疼痛评分及肩关节功能评分,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随访期间所有患者均未发生严重的术后并发症。 结论对于Ellman 3级的肩袖关节侧部分撕裂,关节镜下穿肌腱修补法和转全层修补法均可获得较满意的疗效,而穿肌腱修补法可以保留滑囊侧的肩袖组织,足印区的修补更加符合解剖基础,从而达到更好的腱骨愈合。在两种手术方法均可以熟练掌握的前提下,穿肌腱修补是更为理想的手术方式。     

Characterization of Modified Alginate-Poly-L-LysineMicrocapsules

Abstract: Various modifications of alginate-poly-L-lysine microcapsules were made, such as the inclusion of polyethylenimine (PEI) or carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) in the core and the coating of bis(polyoxyethylene bis-[amine]) (PEGA) onto the microcapsule membrane surface. A characterization of the modified microcapsules in terms of mechanical and mass transfer properties as well as their chemical composition was performed. The PEI treatment greatly enhanced the mechanical stability of the microcapsules, and this treatment did not affect the coating process of poly-L-lysine or PEGA. PEGA was found to be able to coat the microcapsules while the mass transfer property was similar to the poly-L-lysine coated ones.     

Plasma volume estimation using indocyanine green with biexponential regression analysis of the decay curves

We studied seven analytical methods of estimating the plasma volume from the decay curves of indocyanine green. Fifteen volunteers received 1.0 mgkg⁻¹ of the dye by intravenous injection and the plasma concentration was measured continuously using spectrophotometry. Plasma volumes were calculated using three single-regression methods (1-a, 1-b, 1-c) and four biexponential regression methods (2-a, 2-b, 2-c, 2-d). The means (SD) of 1-a, 1-b and 1-c were 39 (5.0), 44 (5.7) and 54 (11.5) mlkg⁻¹, respectively, and these were significantly different from each other (p < 0.05). The values for methods 2-b, 2-c and 2-d were similar to each other: 39 (4.6), 40 (4.1) and 40 (4.0) mlkg⁻¹, respectively. These required more than 3 min circulation or mixing time. When the time allowed for mixing was less than 3 min (method 2-a) the plasma volume was underestimated. We conclude that plasma volume estimation using indocyanine green and spectrophotometry is most accurate when the mixing time is adequate (3–5 min) and the decay curves are analysed using biexponential regression.     

Flow dynamics through spinal needles

We examined the flow pattern produced when liquid dye was actively injected into a fluid medium at various flows through five different commonly used spinal needles. At all flows, the Whitacre-type needles produced a directional stream exiting at an angle from the longitudinal axis. At intermediate rates the stream developed tracks which disappeared at faster rates. The Quincke needle always produced an undeviated stream of dye and did not form tracks at any flow rate. When a perspex plate (representing the spinal cord) was interposed in front of the needle, the dispersion of dye was always unidirectional from the Whitacre needle and bidirectional from the Quincke needle. The dye adhered to the surface of the plate as a concentrated film at slow rates and at faster rates it dispersed turbulently for both types of needle.     

The effect of subhypnotic doses of propofol on the incidence of pruritus after intrathecal morphine for Caesarean section

The effect of subhypnotic doses of propofol on intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus was studied in a prospective, randomly allocated, double-blind controlled trial. Fifty-eight women undergoing elective lower segment Caesarean section for a singleton fetus received spinal anaesthesia with 2.5 ml hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine and 0.2 mg of preservative-free morphine. They then received propofol 1 ml (10 mg) or Intralipid 1 ml (control group) intravenously after delivery. Pruritus was assessed using a five-point verbal rating scale at hourly intervals for 8 h. A second dose of their allocated treatment drug was administered at the first recording of significant pruritus. The pruritus score was reassessed after 5 min and the treatment was repeated if pruritus remained. There were no differences between the groups in the onset of pruritus or its successful treatment. No adverse side-effects were associated with this dose of propofol. There were no differences in the incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting between the two groups. Subhypnotic propofol is not an effective treatment for intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus in women following Caesarean section.     

A comparison of acceleromyography and mechanomyography for determination of the dose–response curve of rocuronium in children

In order to compare an acceleromyograph (TOF-Guard^TM) with a mechanomyograph (Grass FT03), the dose–response relationship of rocuronium was simultaneously determined in both arms of 15 children aged 3–11 years during anaesthesia with thiopentone, alfentanil and nitrous oxide. Three subgroups of five children received rocuronium 120, 180 or 240 μg.kg⁻¹ randomly. The effective doses to produce 50% and 95% depression of the first twitch of the train-of-four determined by acceleromyography were 206 and 337 μg.kg⁻¹, respectively, while these values determined by mechanomyography were 151 and 331 μg.kg⁻¹, respectively. The dose–response curve obtained by acceleromyography was steeper and shifted to the right compared with that obtained by mechanomyography (p < 0.0001). The difference between the effective dose producing 50% twitch depression determined by the two devices was highly significant (p < 0.0001). In 13 out of 15 children, the acceleromyograph control train-of-four ratio was significantly greater than unity. Although there was a good correlation ( r  = 0.85) between simultaneous pairs of measurements of neuromuscular block, the acceleromyograph exhibited a bias of −25% relative to the mechanomyograph with wide limits of agreement (−62 to +12%). We conclude that acceleromyographic and mechanomyographic measurements should not be used interchangeably when determining the potency of muscle relaxants.     

Epidural blood patch for atypical headache following obstetric epidural analgesia

A case of atypical headache presenting following otherwise unremarkable epidural analgesia in labour is presented. Although there was no suggestion of accidental dural puncture during insertion of the epidural catheter, and despite the unusual features of the headache and complicated case history, an epidural blood patch was performed 13 weeks post-partum, with improvement of the patient's symptoms. A repeat epidural blood patch 2 weeks later completely resolved her headache.