胆碱相对水平在胶质瘤术前分级的价值及与细胞增殖活性的相关性研究

目的：探讨Cho相对水平在胶质瘤术前分级的价值及与肿瘤细胞增殖活性的相关性。材料与方法搜集行1H-MRS检查并经病理证实的脑胶质瘤患者58例,分为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级(低级别)、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级3组,其中Ⅲ～Ⅳ级为高级别胶质瘤。选取肿瘤实质Cho/Cr最大处及对侧正常表现白质为感兴趣区,获得肿瘤实质Cho/NAA、Cho/Cr、rCho/NAA及rCho/Cr值。根据Ki-67标记指数将Ki-67分级定义为阴性(－)、弱阳性(+)、阳性(++)和强阳性(+++)4级。分析不同级别胶质瘤肿瘤实质Cho相对水平各参数的组间差异性并采用受试者特征曲线(ROC)确定诊断阈值。分析Ki-67级别与胶质瘤肿瘤级别、Cho相对水平各参数的相关性。结果Ⅲ级及Ⅳ级胶质瘤实质部分Cho相对水平各参数显著高于Ⅰ～Ⅱ级胶质瘤(P<0.05),但Ⅲ级与Ⅳ级间无统计学差异性(P>0.05),高低级别胶质瘤各参数组间有统计学差异性(P<0.05);区分高低级别胶质瘤的Cho相对水平各指标中,Cho/NAA的诊断准确率最高,为81.0%,诊断界值为3.04,rCho/Cr曲线下面积最大,为0.823。不同级别胶质瘤Ki-67分级存在显著差异性,两者呈显著正相关(r=0.741, P<0.05)。Cho/NAA、Cho/Cr及rCho/Cr与Ki-67分级呈轻度正相关(r分别为0.313、0.444和0.336,P均<0.05)。结论 Cho相对水平可作为反映胶质瘤细胞增殖状态、评价肿瘤恶性程度的指标。     

Focal differences in lipid metabolism of the young pig aorta : Part 2. Synthesis from [2-C]ethanolamine and [1,2-C]choline

The ability of normal young pig aortic tissue to synthesize phospholipids from [2-¹⁴C]ethanolamine and [1,2-¹⁴C]choline, in vitro, has been examined in areas of focal Evans Blue accumulation (blue areas) and adjacent areas of no dye accumulation (white areas).

Incorporation of [2-¹⁴C]ethanolamine into total lipid was linear for 3 h of incubation in both blue and white areas. At 3 h, ethanolamine incorporation into phosphatidyl ethanolamine was significantly less in blue than in white areas.

[1,2-¹⁴C]Choline incorporation into total lipid was linear for 3 h of incubation in blue areas but not in white areas. At 30 min, choline incorporation into phosphatidyl choline was significantly less in blue than in white areas; at 1 h choline incorporation into phosphatidyl choline was similar in blue and white areas, while after 3 h of incubation incorporation was significantly greater in blue than in white areas.

With both [2-¹⁴C]ethanolamine and [1,2-¹⁴C]choline, the percentage distribution of label among individual phospholipids was similar in blue and white areas.

Phospholipid content of blue and white areas was similar.

The results presented demonstrate further focal metabolic differences within the same geographical region of the normal young pig aorta.     

A C-terminal truncated mutation of licC attenuates the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae

LicC has been identified as a virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, its role in virulence is still not fully understood because deletion of licC is lethal for the bacterium. In this study, a mutant with 78-bp truncation at the C-terminus of licC was obtained from a signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) library. The mutant was viable with a large reduction in enzymatic activity as CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase detected in vitro using a firefly luciferase assay. The mutation attenuated the adhesion and invasion of S. pneumoniae ST556 (serotype 19F) to epithelial cells by 72% and 80%, respectively, and increased the phagocytosis by macrophages for 16.5%, compared to the parental strain. When the mutation was introduced into the encapsulated D39 strain (serotype 2), it led to attenuated virulence in mouse models either by intranasal colonization or by intraperitoneal infection. In addition, the phosphocholine (PCho) on cell surface was decreased, and the choline binding proteins (CBPs) were impaired, which may explain the attenuated virulence of the mutant. These observations indicate that C-terminus of licC is accounted for the main activity of LicC in PCho metabolism and is essential for the virulence of S. pneumoniae, which provides a novel target for drug design against pneumococcal infection.     

胞磷胆碱在血管性认知损害中的治疗作用

血管性认知损害是指所有与血管性疾病有关的认知损害综合征,包括从轻度认知损害到血管性痴呆在内的重度认知损害.胞磷胆碱是神经元细胞膜的重要组成成分磷脂酰胆碱生物合成的必需中间体.实验研究显示,胞磷胆碱在脑缺血中具有神经保护和神经修复作用.临床研究显示,胞磷胆碱有可能改善血管性认知损害患者的认知功能.     

胃酸分泌的调节

胃酸分泌是一个动态且复杂的过程,壁细胞H＋-K＋-ATP酶是泌酸的最终和最关键环节。刺激胃酸分泌的主要途径包括旁分泌（肠嗜铬细胞分泌的组胺）、内分泌（G细胞分泌的胃泌素）、神经内分泌（肠神经节后神经纤维分泌的胆碱能）,上述因子结合壁细胞膜上相应受体,通过细胞内第二信使（钙离子、cAMP等）激活蛋白激酶．使壁细胞胞浆管状囊泡运载H＋-K＋-ATP酶向壁细胞顶膜移行并最终使酶嵌入壁细胞顶膜,在H＋-K＋-ATP酶的作用下与胞外K＋交换,泵出H＋。本文就壁细胞胃酸分泌相关受体及其信号通路作一概述。     

Utility of Choline Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Lymph Node Involvement Identification in Intermediate- to High-risk Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis

Context

Determination of tumour involvement of regional lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) is of key importance for the proper planning of treatment.

Objectives

To provide a critical overview of published reports and to perform a meta-analysis about the diagnostic performance of 18F-choline and 11C-choline positron emission tomography (PET) or PET/computed tomography (CT) in the lymph node staging of PCa.

Evidence acquisition

A Medline, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar search was carried out to select English-language articles published before January 2012 that discussed the diagnostic performance of choline PET to individualise lymph node disease at initial staging in PCa patients. Articles were included only if absolute numbers of true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative test results were available or derivable from the text and focused on lymph node metastases. Reviews, clinical reports, and editorial articles were excluded. All complete studies were reviewed; thus qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed.

Evidence synthesis

From the year 2000 to January 2012, we found 18 complete articles that critically evaluated the role of choline PET and PCa at initial staging. The meta-analysis was carried out and consisted of 10 selected studies with a total of 441 patients. The meta-analysis provided the following results: pooled sensitivity 49.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.9–58.4) and pooled specificity 95% (95% CI, 92–97.1). The area under the curve was 0.9446 (p < 0.05). The heterogeneity ranged between 22.7% and 78.4%. The diagnostic odds ratio was 18.999 (95% CI, 7.109–50.773).

Conclusions

Choline PET and PET/CT provide low sensitivity in the detection of lymph node metastases prior to surgery in PCa patients. A high specificity has been reported from the overall studies. Studies carried out on a larger scale with a homogeneous patient population together with the evaluation of cost effectiveness are warranted.     

首诊成人强迫症脑3D-多体素氢质子磁共振波谱分析

目的探讨强迫症（OCD）患者不同区域脑组织代谢特点。方法选择17例首诊未经治疗的成人OCD患者为研究对象,并以性别、年龄、受教育程度匹配的17例健康志愿者为对照组,采用3D-多体素氢质子磁共振波谱分析OCD患者前扣带回、中扣带回、左右额叶白质、左右丘脑和左右豆状核中大脑代谢物N-乙酰门冬氨酸（NAA）、胆碱（Cho）和肌酸（Cr）浓度变化,并分析NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr与OCD、焦虑和抑郁量表评分的相关性。结果OCD患者中扣带回的Cho/Cr明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）,左额叶白质Cho/Cr明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）;中扣带回NAA/Cr与焦虑量表评分呈正相关（r=0.712,P＜0.05）。结论OCD患者中扣带回Cho浓度减少、左额叶白质Cho浓度增高,可能是OCD的病理现象或代偿反应;中扣带回NAA/Cr与焦虑量表评分呈正相关。     

Plasma homocysteine,dietary B vitamins,betaine, and choline and risk of peripheral artery disease

Objective

Few studies have examined the roles of homocysteine and related nutrients in the development of peripheral artery disease (PAD). We examined the associations between plasma homocysteine, dietary B vitamins, betaine, choline, and supplemental folic acid use and incidence of PAD.

Methods

We used two cohort studies of 72,348 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, 1990–2010) and 44,504 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS, 1986–2010). We measured plasma homocysteine in nested matched case–control studies of clinically recognized PAD within both cohorts, including 143 PAD cases and 424 controls within the NHS (1990–2010) and 143 PAD cases and 428 controls within the HPFS (1994–2008). We examined the association between diet and risk of incident PAD in the cohorts using a food frequency questionnaire and 790 cases of PAD over 3.1 million person-years of follow-up.

Results

Higher homocysteine levels were positively associated with risk of PAD in men (adjusted IRR 2.17; 95% CI, 1.08–4.38 for tertile 3 vs. 1). There was no evidence of an association in women (adjusted IRR 1.14; 95% CI, 0.61–2.12). Similarly, higher folate intake, including supplements, was inversely associated with risk of PAD in men (adjusted HR 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82–0.98 for each 250 μg increase) but not women (HR 1.01, 95% CI, 0.88–1.15). Intakes of the other B vitamins, betaine, and choline were not consistently associated with risk of PAD in men or women.

Conclusion

Homocysteine levels were positively associated and dietary folate intake was inversely associated with risk of PAD in men but not in women.     

胰岛素样生长因子-1对痴呆大鼠行为学及胆碱乙酰转移酶表达的影响

目的探讨胰岛素样生长因子（IGF-1）对痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆能力的影响及其对胆碱乙酰转移酶的保护作用。方法采用切断成年Wistar大鼠双侧穹窿海马伞（FF），建立隔-海马胆碱能系统损害的痴呆模型。分为痴呆治疗组、痴呆对照组和正常对照组三组。痴呆治疗组经侧脑室给予IGF-1，痴呆对照组给予生理盐水，正常对照组不给予处理。利用水迷宫和Y迷宫观察其行为学改变，利用原位杂交及图像分析测定大鼠脑内胆碱乙酰转移酶（ChAT）的表达。结果痴呆治疗组大鼠的学习记忆成绩优于痴呆对照组（P〈0．01），其脑内ChAT的表达量与痴呆对照组相比也明显增多（P〈0．01）。结论IGF-1对中枢胆碱能系统有保护作用，能改善学习记忆能力。