椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后两种融合手术治疗腰椎滑脱症的临床疗效比较

目的比较椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后腰椎后路椎体间融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)和腰椎后外侧融合术(posterolateral lumbar fusion,PLF)治疗腰椎滑脱症的临床疗效。方法 68例腰椎滑脱患者椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后分别行PLIF36例(PLIF组)及PLF32例(PLF组)。结果患者均获随访,平均时间(3.0±0.5)年,两组在平均手术时间、术中出血量及并发症发生率、临床疗效优良率、植骨融合率等方面均无显著性差异(P0.05),两组术后1周和术后1年滑脱率、椎体高度及滑脱节段前凸角均优于术前(P0.01),但术后1年PLIF组在滑脱矫正、椎体高度及滑脱节段前凸角度等指标的维持方面均优于PLF组(P0.01)。结论椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后PLIF与PLF均为治疗腰椎滑脱症的有效方法,但PLIF对腰椎滑脱的矫正、椎间高度的维持、生理曲度的恢复等方面较PLF有显著的优越性。     

经可扩张通道管手术系统微创治疗下腰椎疾患

目的探讨运用扩张通道管系统（X-Tube）微创行经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术（trans-foraminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF）治疗下腰椎疾患的临床疗效。方法 38例腰椎退变性疾病及椎间盘突出患者,经X-Tube微创行TLIF,均采用单侧神经孔入路行椎间盘摘除、椎间植骨融合。结果本组平均手术时间150（110~260）min,平均出血量120（80~320）ml,手术切口长度平均3（2.8~3.5）cm,术后平均住院时间12.4（5~20）d。38例均获随访,平均2.5年（3月~4.5年）。疗效按照Nakai分级标准,优25例（65.8%）,良11例（28.9%）,可2例（5.3%）。5例患者（13.2%）发生并发症：手术切口皮缘局限性坏死1例,经换药愈合;脑脊液漏2例,经保守治疗痊愈;术后再次出现术侧下肢放射痛2例,经再次手术探查治愈。结论经X-Tube微创TLIF治疗下腰椎疾患具有手术切口小、腰骶肌肉剥离轻、术中出血量少、创伤小、术后恢复快、短期疗效确切等优点。     

剖宫产术患者蛛网膜下腔注射不同等比重局麻药的药效学

目的 探讨剖宫产术患者蛛网膜下腔注射不同等比重局麻药的药效学.方法 拟在脊椎-硬膜外联合阻滞下行剖宫产术患者96例,孕37～41周,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,体重50～85kg,随机分为3组(n=32):布比卡因组、左旋布比卡因组和罗哌卡因组分别于蛛网膜下腔注射等比重0.5%布比卡因、等比重0.5%左旋布比卡因和等比重0.5%罗哌卡因.采用序贯法进行试验,初始剂量为9 mg,相邻剂量比为0.9,麻醉有效,则下一例患者采用低一级剂量;麻醉无效,则下一例患者采用高一级剂量.麻醉有效的标准:注射局麻药后15 min内感觉阻滞平面达到T7或以上、术中无牵拉痛、注射局麻药后45 min内硬膜外不需要追加局麻药.计算3种局麻药麻醉的半数有效剂量(ED50)和95%有效剂量(ED95)及其95%可信区间(95%CI).结果 布比卡因麻醉有效的ED50(95%CI)、ED95(95%CI)分别为6.15(5.48～6.68)mg、7.62(6.91～11.82)mg;左旋布比卡因麻醉有效的ED50(95%CI)、ED95(95%CI)分别为8.06(7.46～8.62)mg、9.59(8.86～13.42)mg;罗哌卡因麻醉有效的ED50(95%CI)、ED95(95%CI)分别为10.55(9.73～11.49)mg、12.80(11.66～21.42)mg.布比卡因、左旋布比卡因和罗哌卡因的效价比为1.00:0.76:0.58.结论 剖宫产术患者蛛网膜下腔注射等比重布比卡因、左旋布比卡因和罗哌卡因麻醉有效的效价比为1.00∶0.76∶0.58.     

骨髓基质干细胞诱导成雪旺细胞的可行性及促轴突生长的体外功能实验

目的 探讨骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)向雪旺细胞(SCs)分化的可行性,以及分化成类SCs的表型、分子及功能特征.方法 原代培养F344乳鼠BMSCs,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面特异标记CD29、CD44、CD45的表达;诱导干细胞向成骨细胞和脂肪细胞分化,评价干细胞的生物学特性;采用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子和forskolin等诱导BMSCs向SCs分化,光镜观察诱导后细胞形态的变化;免疫荧光染色鉴定SCs特异性标记物S100和p75的表达;RT-PCR分析诱导前、后SCs相关基因的表达;培养大鼠背根神经节神经元,分别与诱导前后的BMSCs共培养,评价其促轴突生长的功能特性.结果 分离培养的鼠BMSCs CD29、CD44表达呈阳性,CD45表达呈阴性:干细胞诱导的成骨细胞茜素红染色阳性,脂肪细胞油红O染色阳性;BMSCs经过胶质细胞生长因子的作用,光镜下发现诱导的细胞形态与SCs相似;免疫荧光染色S100和p75阳性;RT-PCR结果S100、CD104均表达增强;与背根神经节神经元共培养,诱导后的BMSCs促进轴突生长的距离为(285.3±36.7)μm,与未诱导组BMSCs的[(113.5±11.5)μm]相比,差异有统计学意义(t=8.966,P=0.001).结论 BMSCs可诱导分化成SCs,其表型、分子及功能特征与SCs相似,诱导分化的BMSCs是一种理想的神经组织工程的种子细胞.     

Choice of surgical approach for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in combination with cervical disc hernia

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a common spinal disorder that presents with or without cervical myelopathy. Furthermore, there is evidence suggesting that OPLL often coexists with cervical disc hernia (CDH), and that the latter is the more important compression factor. To raise the awareness of CDH in OPLL for spinal surgeons, we performed a retrospective study on 142 patients with radiologically proven OPLL who had received surgery between January 2004 and January 2008 in our hospital. Plain radiograph, three-dimensional computed tomography construction (3D CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine were all performed. Twenty-six patients with obvious CDH (15 of segmental-type, nine of mixed-type, two of continuous-type) were selected via clinical and radiographic features, and intraoperative findings. By MRI, the most commonly involved level was C5/6, followed by C3/4, C4/5, and C6/7. The areas of greatest spinal cord compression were at the disc levels because of herniated cervical discs. Eight patients were decompressed via anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), 13 patients via anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF), and five patients via ACDF combined with posterior laminectomy and fusion. The outcomes were all favorable. In conclusion, surgeons should consider the potential for CDH when performing spinal cord decompression and deciding the surgical approach in patients presenting with OPLL.     

未损伤背根神经节GABAA受体在大鼠神经病理性痛中的作用

目的 评价未损伤背根神经节(L4 背根神经节)γ氨基丁酸A受体(GABAA受体)在大鼠神经病理性痛中的作用.方法 成年雌性SD大鼠30只,体重200～250 g,随机分为3组(n=10):对照组(C组)、蝇蕈醇组(M组)和荷包牡丹碱组(B组).采用结扎L5脊神经的方法制备大鼠神经病理性痛模型.C组于L4 背根神经节局部注射生理盐水50μl;M组于L4背根神经节局部注射GABAA受体激动剂蝇蕈醇50μl;B组于L4背根神经节局部注射GABAA受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱50μl;各组注射时间均大于1 min.于术前1 d至术后10 d,每天测定大鼠的热痛阈和机械痛阈.结果 与C组比较,M组热痛阈差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),机械痛阈升高,B组热痛阈和机械痛阈均降低(P＜0.05).结论 未损伤背根神经节GABAA受体激活参与了神经病理性痛大鼠机械痛敏的发生发展,对热痛敏的发生发展可能不起主导作用.     

Does an interspinous device (Coflex?) improve the outcome of decompressive surgery in lumbar spinal stenosis? One-year follow up of a prospective case control study of 60 patients

A number of interspinous process devices have recently been introduced to the lumbar spinal market as an alternative to conventional surgical procedures in the treatment of symptomatic lumbar stenosis. One of those “dynamic” devices is the Coflex™ device which has been already implanted worldwide more than 14,000 times. The aim of implanting this interspinous device is to unload the facet joints, restore foraminal height and provide stability in order to improve the clinical outcome of surgery. Published information is limited, and there are so far no data of comparison between the implant and traditional surgical approaches such as laminotomy. The purpose of our prospective study is to evaluate the surgical outcome of decompressive surgery in comparison to decompressive surgery and additional implantation of the Coflex™ interspinous Device. 60 patients who were all treated in the Spine Center of Klinikum Neustadt, Germany for a one or two level symptomatic LSS with decompressive surgery were included. Two groups were built. In Group one (UD) we treated 30 patients with decompression surgery alone and group two (CO) in 30 patients a Coflex™ device was additional implanted. Pre- and postoperatively disability and pain scores were measured using the Oswestry disability index (ODI), the Roland–Morris score (RMS), the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the pain-free walking distance (WD). Patients underwent postoperative assessments 3, 6 and 12 month including the above-mentioned scores as well as patient satisfaction. In both groups we could see a significant improve (p < 0.001) in the clinical outcome assessed in the ODI, in the RMS for evaluation of back pain, in the VAS and in the pain-free WD at all times of reinvestigation compared to base line. At 1-year follow up there were no statistically differences between both groups in all ascertained parameters including patient satisfaction and subjective operation decision. Because there is no current evidence of the efficacy of the Coflex™ device we need further data from randomized controlled studies for defining the indications for theses procedures. To the best of our knowledge this is the first prospective controlled study which compares surgical decompression of lumbar spinal stenosis with additional implanting of an interspinous Coflex™ device in the treatment of symptomatic LSS.     

妊娠对大鼠布比卡因脊麻效力的影响

目的 探讨妊娠对大鼠布比卡因脊麻效力的影响.方法 雌性SD大鼠,非孕鼠体重180～220 g,孕鼠(孕17 d)体重350～400 g.取鞘内置管成功的非孕鼠及孕鼠各18只,非孕鼠随机分为3组(n=6):正常对照组(C组)、2%布比卡因组(B2组)及4%布比卡因组(B4组);孕鼠随机分为3组(n=6):对照组(PC组)、2%布比卡因组(PB2组)及4%布比卡因组(PB4组).C组与PC组:鞘内注射生理盐水30μl,其余4组相应鞘内分别注入2%或4%布比卡因30μl.分别于给药前(基础状态)、给药后10 min、20 min、30 min、1h、2 h、4 h、1 d、2 d、3 d和4 d时测定甩尾反应潜伏期,计算最大镇痛效应百分比(MPE);并进行后肢运动功能(MF)评分.结果 与基础值比较,B2组于给药后10 min～2 h时MPE升高,给药后10 min～1 h时MF评分升高;B4组于给药后10 min～4 h时MPE升高,给药后10 min～1 h时MF评分升高;PB2组于给药后10 min～1 d时MPE升高,给药后10 min～2 h时MF评分升高;PB4组于给药后10 min～1 d时MPE升高,给药后10 min～4 h时MF评分升高(P＜0.05).结论 妊娠可增加大鼠布比卡因脊麻的效力.     

硬膜外预充生理盐水对置管诱发剖宫产术患者硬膜外血管损伤的影响

目的 评价硬膜外预充生理盐水对置管诱发剖宫产术患者硬膜外血管损伤的影响.方法 单胎足月妊娠拟在硬膜外麻醉下行子宫下段剖宫产术的患者150例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄27～33岁,体重66～75 kg.随机分为3组(n=50),Ⅰ组直接置入硬膜外导管,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在硬膜外置管前通过硬膜外针注射0.9%生理盐水或含肾上腺素(1:200 000)的生理盐水5 ml,注射完后保持注射器压缩针栓20 s,使液体充分扩散.记录置入硬膜外导管时硬膜外穿刺针针尾见淡红色血水、硬膜外导管回抽见淡红色血水、硬膜外导管置入血管(从导管回抽出新鲜血液)的发生情况.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组硬膜外穿刺针针尾见淡红色血水的发生率、硬膜外导管回抽见淡红色血水的发生率和硬膜外导管置入血管的发生率均明显降低(P＜0.01);Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组间上述指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论硬膜外预充生理盐水5 ml可有效预防置管诱发剖宫产术患者硬膜外血管的损伤.1∶200 000肾上腺素并不能进一步预防置管诱发的硬膜外血管损伤.     

Ablation of porcine ligamentum flavum with Ho:YAG,q‐switched Ho:YAG,and quadrupled Nd:YAG lasers

Background and Objectives

Ligamentum flavum (LF) is a tough, rubbery connective tissue providing a portion of the ligamentous stability to the spinal column, and in its hypertrophied state forms a significant compressive pathology in degenerative spinal stenosis. The interaction of lasers and this biological tissue have not been thoroughly studied. Technological advances improving endoscopic surgical access to the spinal canal makes selective removal of LF using small, flexible tools such as laser‐coupled fiber optics increasingly attractive for treatment of debilitating spinal stenosis. Testing was performed to assess the effect of Ho:YAG, Q‐switched Ho:YAG, and frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG lasers on samples of porcine LF. The objective was to evaluate the suitability of these lasers for surgical removal of LF.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

LF was resected from porcine spine within 2 hours of sacrifice and stored in saline until immediately prior to laser irradiation, which occurred within an additional 2 hours. The optical absorbance of a sample was measured over the spectral band from 190 to 2,360 nm both before and after dehydration. For the experiments using the Ho:YAG (λ = 2,080 nm, t_p = 140 µs, FWHM) and Q‐Switched Ho:YAG (λ = 2,080 nm, t_p = 260 ns, FWHM) lasers, energy was delivered to the LF through a laser‐fiber optic with 600 µm core and NA = 0.39. For the experiment using the frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG laser (λ = 266 nm, t_p = 5 ns FWHM), rather than applying the laser energy through a laser‐fiber, the energy was focused through an aperture and lens directly onto the LF. Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the given lasers on LF. First, using the Ho:YAG laser, the single‐pulse laser‐hole depth versus laser fluence was measured with the laser‐fiber in direct contact with the LF (1 g force) and with a standoff distance of 1 mm between the laser‐fiber face and the LF. Second, with the LF remaining in situ and the spine bisected along the coronal plane, the surface temperature of the LF was measured with an IR camera during irradiation with the Ho:YAG laser, with and without constant saline flush. Third, the mass loss was measured over the course of 450 Ho:YAG pulses. Fourth, hole depth and temperature were measured over 30 pulses of fixed fluence from the Ho:YAG and Q‐Switched Ho:YAG lasers. Fifth, the ablation rate and surface temperature were measured as a function of fluence from the Nd:YAG laser. Several LF staining and hole‐depth measurement techniques were also explored.

Results

Aside from the expected absorbance peaks corresponding to the water in the LF, the most significant peaks in absorbance were located in the spectral band from 190 to 290 nm and persisted after the tissue was dehydrated. In the first experiment, using the Ho:YAG laser and with the laser‐fiber in direct contact with the LF, the lowest single‐pulse fluence for which LF was visibly removed was 35 J/cm². Testing was conducted at 6 fluences between 35 and 354 J/cm². Over this range the single‐pulse hole depth was shown to be near linear (R² = 0.9374, M = 1.6), ranging from 40 to 639 µm (N = 3). For the case where the laser‐fiber face was displaced 1 mm from the LF surface, the lowest single‐pulse fluence for which tissue was visibly removed was 72 J/cm². Testing was conducted at 4 energy densities between 72 and 180 J/cm². Over this range the single‐pulse hole depth was shown to be near linear (R² = 0.8951, M = 1.4), ranging from 31 to 220 µm (N = 3). In the second experiment, with LF in situ, constant flushing with room temperature saline was shown to drastically reduce surface temperature during exposure to Ho:YAG at 5 Hz with the laser‐fiber in direct contact with the LF. Without saline, over 1 minute of treatment with a per‐pulse fluence of 141 mJ/cm², the average maximum surface temperature measured 110°C. With 10 cc's of saline flushed over 1 minute and a per‐pulse laser fluence of 212 mJ/cm², the average maximum surface temperature was 35°C. In the third experiment, mass loss was shown to be linear over 450 pulses of 600 mJ from the Ho:YAG laser (212 J/cm², direct contact, N = 4; 108 J/cm², 1 mm standoff, N = 4). With the laser‐fiber in direct contact, an average of 53 mg was removed (R² = 0.996, M = 0.117) and with 1 mm laser‐fiber standoff, an average of 44 mg was removed (R² = 0.9988, M = 0.097). In the fourth experiment, 30 pulses of the Ho:YAG and Q‐Switched Ho:YAG lasers at 1 mm standoff, and 5 Hz produced similar hole depths for the tested fluences of 9 J/cm² (151 and 154 µm, respectively) and 18 J/cm² (470 and 442 µm, respectively), though the Ho:YAG laser produced significantly more carbonization around the rim of the laser‐hole. The increased carbonization was corroborated by higher measured LF temperature. In all tests with the Ho:YAG and Q‐Switched Ho:YAG, an audible photo‐acoustic affect coincided with the laser pulse. In the fifth experiment, with the frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG laser at 15 Hz for 450 pulses, ablation depth per pulse was shown to be linear for the fluence range of 0.18 – 0.73 J/cm² (R² = 0.989, M = 2.4). There was no noticeable photo‐acoustic effect nor charring around the rim of the laser‐hole.

Conclusion

The Ho:YAG, Q‐Switched Ho:YAG, and frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG lasers were shown to remove ligamentum flavum (LF). A single pulse of the Ho:YAG laser was shown to cause tearing of the tissue and a large zone of necrosis surrounding the laser‐hole. Multiple pulses of the Ho:YAG and Q‐Switched Ho:YAG lasers caused charring around the rim of the laser‐hole, though the extent of charring was more extensive with the Ho:YAG laser. Charring caused by the Ho:YAG laser was shown to be mitigated by continuously flushing the affected LF with saline during irradiation. The Nd:YAG laser was shown to ablate LF with no gross visible indication of thermal damage to surrounding LF. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:839–851, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.