颈动脉斑块各项检测临床意义分析

本文旨在通过彩色多普勒超声赙心脑血管疾病患者颈部血管形态、血管壁内中膜厚度、有无斑块、管腔狭窄或闭塞、血流动力学改变进行主要观察，早期发现颈动脉斑块并预测斑块的性质，为早期诊断、指导临床治疗、观察疗效和判断预后提供重要参考价值。     

CO-ADMINISTRATION OF FUROSEMIDE AUGMENTS TACROLIMUS-INDUCED IMPAIRMENT IN KIDNEY FUNCTION IN RATS

Sodium-depletion in rats reproduces functional and morphological tacrolimus nephrotoxicity observed in man. Potent diuretics induce sodium-depletion. Our objective was to determine the effect of a loop diuretic furosemide on tacrolimus-mediated functional and pathological impairment of the kidney in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups; group 1, rats received vehicle (saline) only; group 2, rats were treated with tacrolimus (1mg/kg body weight) and furosemide (5mg/kg body weight); group 3, rats were treated with tacrolimus alone; and group 4, rats were treated with furosemide (5mg/kg body weight) alone. On day 28, tail blood pressure was measured and the rats were placed in metabolic cages for urine collection. After 24 hr the rats were sacrificed. Tacrolimus alone tended to cause growth retardation, hypotension, hypomagnesemia and a rise in blood urea nitrogen. Furosemide co-administration enhanced the effects of tacrolimus on hypotension, hypomagnesemia and a rise in blood urea nitrogen. The renal histology characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization of the proximal tubules was not different between the rats treated with both tacrolimus and furosemide and the rats treated with tacrolimus alone. A strong immunostaining for FKBP-12, a tacrolimus-binding protein, was observed in the medulla of the kidneys of rats treated with tacrolimus either with or without furosemide.These results indicate that furosemide further augments tacrolimus induced impairment in kidney function, and that furosemide should be used with discretion in patients on tacrolimus therapy.     

Limitations to the Value of the Sapphire Trial

The Sapphire trial was organised as a randomised trial to compare carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) using a protection device in so called high risk patients. The trial concluded that CEA and CAS were similar as far as stroke and death are concerned but CAS was superior when other complications were taken into account. The trial was flawed for several reasons. It was commercially funded and the inventor of the protection device was one of the investigators and therefore not in equipoise. The end points of the trial favoured CAS by making a biochemical myocardial event an end point. The surgeons doing CEA in the trial did relatively few CEA’S per year and had a high stroke and death rate. These surgeons also excluded over 400 patients from the trial because they were said to be too difficult or risky to operate on. The precise reasons for this exclusion have never been made clear except that the surgeons were probably inexperienced. Finally the patients were heterogeneous, more than 70% being asymptomatic or suffering from recurrent stenosis. For all of these reasons the Sapphire trial’s conclusions that CAS is equivalent to CEA in high risk patients cannot be scientifically justified.     

Y型留置针单手置管法在桡动脉穿刺中的应用

目的探讨Y型留置针单手置管法应用于桡动脉穿刺中的优势。方法选择150例需行有创动脉监测的危重疑难患者,分为三组各50例。试验组(T组)采用Y型留置针单手置管法,对照组(M组)采用Y型留置针传统操作法,对照组(N组)采用动脉留置针传统操作法。观察每组操作一次性成功率以及操作过程中是否有血液溢出造成血液污染。结果一次穿刺成功率T组明显高于M、N组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);血液污染例数T、M组明显少于N组(P<0.05)。结论 Y型留置针单手置管法用于桡动脉穿刺可以提高一次性穿刺成功率,并且可以减少由血液溢出管道造成的血液污染。     

Analysis of periinterventional complications of intracranial angioplasty and stenting: A single center experience

Background and purposeTreatment of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease by angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) is limited by a high rate of periinterventional strokes. We performed a detailed analysis of these strokes at our center in order to identify strategies to reduce the risk of periinterventional complications.MethodsCase records and imaging data of 80 patients with a symptomatic 70–99% stenosis of a major intracranial artery treated with PTAS between July 2007 and December 2013 were reviewed. All patients had a sufficient response to aspirin and clopidogrel. Periinterventional strokes were categorized as either ischemic (perforator territory, distal embolic or delayed stent thrombosis) or hemorrhagic (intraparenchymal, subarachnoid).ResultsPeriinterventional complications occurred in 6/80 (7.5%) patients, consisting of 2 ischemic strokes (2.5%, both perforator territory), 3 hemorrhagic strokes (3.8%, 2 intraparenchymal due to reperfusion injury, 1 subarachnoid due to vessel rupture) and one death (1.3%) unrelated to stroke. All strokes occurred within 24 h after PTAS.ConclusionOur retrospective data analysis suggests that the risk of periinterventional stroke after PTAS of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease might be reduced by sufficient antiplatelet therapy and optimized management of patients with high risk for reperfusion injury or perforator strokes, including selection of a stenting device adapted to individual vessel morphology.     

Effects of a nurse-led transitional care program on clinical outcomes,health-related knowledge,physical and mental health status among Chinese patients with coronary artery disease: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundCoronary artery disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among adults worldwide, including China. After a hospital stay, transitional care could help to ensure improved patient care and outcomes, and reduce Medicare costs. Nevertheless, the results of the existing transitional care are not always satisfactory and our knowledge of how to perform effective transitional care for patients with coronary artery disease is limited in mainland China.ObjectivesTo examine the effectiveness of a nurse-led transitional care program on clinical outcomes, health-related knowledge, and physical and mental health status among Chinese patients with coronary artery disease.DesignRandomized controlled trial.MethodsThe Omaha system and Pender’s health promoting model were employed in planning and implementing this nurse-led transitional care program. The sample was comprised of 199 Chinese patients with coronary artery disease. The experimental group (n = 100) received nurse-led transitional care intervention in addition to routine care. The nurse-led transitional care intervention included a structured assessment and health education, followed by 7 months of individual teaching and coaching (home visits, telephone follow-up and group activity). The control group (n = 99) received a comparable length routine care and follow-up contacts. Evaluations were conducted at baseline and completion of the interventions using the perceived knowledge scale for coronary heart disease, the medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey and clinical measures (blood pressure, blood glucose, lipids, body mass index). Data were collected between March and October 2014.ResultsCompared with the control group, participants in the experimental group showed significant better clinical outcomes (systolic blood pressure, t = 5.762, P = 0.000; diastolic blood pressure, t = 4.250, P = 0.000; fasting blood glucose, t = 2.249, P = 0.027; total cholesterol, t = 4.362, P = 0.000; triglyceride, t = 3.147, P = 0.002; low density lipoprotein cholesterol, t = 2.399, P = 0.018; and body mass index, t = 3.166, P = 0.002), higher knowledge scores for coronary artery disease (total knowledge score, t = −7.099, P = 0.000), better physical health status (t = −2.503, P = 0.014) and mental health status (t = −2.950, P = 0.004).ConclusionsThis study provides evidence for the value of a nurse-led transitional care program using both the Omaha system and Pender’s health promoting model as its theoretical framework. The structured interventions in this nurse-led transitional care program facilitate the use of this program in other settings.