NADPH氧化酶亚单位nox-1在心肌细胞急性缺氧复氧损伤时的变化及心肌营养素-1的作用

目的： 探讨心肌细胞急性缺氧复氧损伤时NADPH氧化酶亚单位nox-1的变化及心肌营养素-1的作用。方法: 用改良的方法培养出生1-３ d的乳鼠心肌细胞,分为6组：(1)对照组;(2)缺氧复氧组;(3)缺氧复氧+CT-1组;(4)缺氧复氧+CT-1+LY294002组 (PIK3/Akt 阻断剂);（5）缺氧复氧+CT-1+PD98059组（ERK 阻断剂）;（6）缺氧复氧+CT-1+助溶剂DMSO组。 CT-1 的浓度为10 μg/L。MTS法测定心肌细胞的存活率,四氯四乙基苯丙咪唑基羰化青碘化物（JC1）检测心肌细胞线粒体膜电位(Δψm),二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐（DCFH-CA）检测细胞活性氧（ROS）,流式细胞仪检测心肌细胞凋亡率。Nox-1蛋白采用Western blotting检测。结果: 缺氧复氧培养后心肌细胞凋亡率及细胞内ROS较对照组明显增加,分别是(19.7%±1.4% vs 2.1%±0.5%, 14.07%±1.25% vs 3.54%±0.86%, P<0.05),而心肌细胞存活率显著降低,线粒体膜电位（Δψm）下降;nox-1表达明显升高。CT-1处理的心肌细胞,较缺氧复氧组心肌细胞存活率明显上升 (87.0%±7.3%),而心肌细胞凋亡率及细胞内ROS 显著减少,Δψm水平增加,nox-1蛋白表达下调。而CT-1的这些作用能被PIK3/Akt和ERK阻断剂抑制。结论: 心肌细胞急性缺氧复氧损伤时NADPH氧化酶亚单位nox-1表达上调,而心肌营养素-1能通过下调nox-1表达,发挥对心肌细胞保护作用。     

5-HT4 and 5-HT2 receptors antagonistically influence gap junctional coupling between rat auricular myocytes

5-hydroxytryptamine-4 (5-HT₄) receptors have been proposed to contribute to the generation of atrial fibrillation in human atrial myocytes, but it is unclear if these receptors are present in the hearts of small laboratory animals (e.g. rat). In this study, we examined presence and functionality of 5-HT₄ receptors in auricular myocytes of newborn rats and their possible involvement in regulation of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC, responsible for the cell-to-cell propagation of the cardiac excitation). Western-blotting assays showed that 5-HT₄ receptors were present and real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that 5-HT_4b was the predominant isoform. Serotonin (1 μM) significantly reduced cAMP concentration unless a selective 5-HT₄ inhibitor (GR113808 or ML10375, both 1 μM) was present. Serotonin also reduced the amplitude of L-type calcium currents and influenced the strength of GJIC without modifying the phosphorylation profiles of the different channel-forming proteins or connexins (Cxs), namely Cx40, Cx43 and Cx45. GJIC was markedly increased when serotonin exposure occurred in presence of a 5-HT₄ inhibitor but strongly reduced when 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2B receptors were inhibited, showing that activation of these receptors antagonistically regulated GJIC. The serotoninergic response was completely abolished when 5-HT₄, 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2B were simultaneously inhibited. A 24 h serotonin exposure strongly reduced Cx40 expression whereas Cx45 was less affected and Cx43 still less. In conclusion, this study revealed that 5-HT₄ (mainly 5-HT_4b), 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2B receptors coexisted in auricular myocytes of newborn rat, that 5-HT₄ activation reduced cAMP concentration, I_CaL and intercellular coupling whereas 5-HT_2A or 5-HT_2B activation conversely enhanced GJIC.     

TIMPs and cardiac remodeling: ‘Embracing the MMP-independent-side of the family’

Unraveling the biological role of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) during cardiac remodeling and the progression of heart failure has proven to be an enormous challenge. Remodeling of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM), regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors, TIMPs, is a well-established paradigm in cardiac health and disease. Originally, TIMPs were thought to function exclusively as endogenous inhibitors of MMP activity, thereby fine-tuning MMP-mediated ECM degradation and numerous related processes. However, during the last two decades, the concept of MMP-independent TIMP-mediated receptor signaling and regulation of cell fate has emerged. Although our current knowledge is still limited, in this review, we highlight some of the novel data, illustrating the MMP-independent biological properties of the four TIMP family members. Moreover, we discuss how these cell-specific insights may contribute to the process of cardiac remodeling, disease and failure. Finally, we identify where additional research is needed that will codetermine the possible future of TIMPs as therapeutic targets.     

电磁场干预大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌方向诱导分化的研究

【目的】观察脉冲电磁场（PEMFs）对5-氮胞苷（5-aza）诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）向心肌样细胞分化的影响。【方法】50Hz脉冲低频电磁场刺激5-aza诱导7d后的MSCs,根据不同的感应强度和作用的时间分为A、B、C组和1、2、3、4亚组,设未暴露PEMFs的为对照组。通过Western印迹法检测不同条件下心肌肌钙蛋白T的变化。【结果】0．5、1和5mT组中20min、30min各亚组cTnT的表达量较对照组,5mT组在10min的表达量减少。【结论】50Hz的0．5～5mT感应强度的PEMFs作用20～30min为促进体外5-aza诱导MSCs向心肌方向的分化的有效窗口。     

Dedifferentiated fat cells convert to cardiomyocyte phenotype and repair infarcted cardiac tissue in rats

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells have been demonstrated to differentiate into cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Here we investigate whether mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells can differentiate to cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo by establishing DFAT cell lines via ceiling culture of mature adipocytes. DFAT cells were obtained by dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes from GFP-transgenic rats. We evaluated the differentiating ability of DFAT cells into cardiomyocytes by detection of the cardiac phenotype markers in immunocytochemical and RT-PCR analyses in vitro. We also examined effects of the transplantation of DFAT cells into the infarcted heart of rats on cardiomyocytes regeneration and angiogenesis. DFAT cells expressed cardiac phenotype markers when cocultured with cardiomyocytes and also when grown in MethoCult medium in the absence of cardiomyocytes, indicating that DFAT cells have the potential to differentiate to cardiomyocyte lineage. In a rat acute myocardial infarction model, transplanted DFAT cells were efficiently accumulated in infarcted myocardium and expressed cardiac sarcomeric actin at 8 weeks after the cell transplantation. The transplantation of DFAT cells significantly (p < 0.05) increased capillary density in the infarcted area when compared with hearts from saline-injected control rats. We demonstrated that DFAT cells have the ability to differentiate to cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, transplantation of DFAT cells led to neovascuralization in rats with myocardial infarction. We propose that DFAT cells represent a promising candidate cell source for cardiomyocyte regeneration in severe ischemic heart disease.     

体外诱导人脐血间充质干细胞未能向心肌细胞转分化

目的选择从人脐带血中分离出的间充质干细胞(UCB1-MSCs),通过5-氮胞苷(5-aza)进行诱导,对其体外向心肌细胞转分化的能力做初步探讨。方法培养第11代 hMSCs,加入6、9、12 μmol/L 的5-aza 分别作用24h 和48h,相差显微镜观察细胞形态直到3周后实验结束。以未经处理的细胞为对照组。采用 RT-PCR 检测心肌转录因子 MEF2C、GATA4、Nkx2.5和心肌特异性基因 MLC-2v、MLC-2a、Connexin 43及α-actinin 的表达;免疫荧光染色检测 Connexin 43和α-actinin 的表达,以共聚焦显微镜成像。结果经5-aza 诱导后观察3周未见细胞的自发搏动。诱导前后的 hMSC 均可不同程度的表达 MEF2C、Connexin 43及α-actinin。在12 μmol/L 水平诱导24h 和6、9、12 μmol/L 水平诱导48h 共4个组中可见 MLC-2a 的表达。GATA4、Nkx 2.5和 MLC-2v 在诱导前后均未见表达。免疫荧光染色显示诱导前后 hMSCs 的胞浆内存在散在排列无序的α-actinin 和 Connexin 43荧光,而始终未见肌小节结构。结论经5-aza 诱导 UCB 来源 hMSCs 在基因水平可以表达部分心肌特异性基因,但是在诱导后的一个月时间内未见相应的心肌特异性结构出现,此类细胞向心肌细胞转分化的能力需再证实。     

RAMP2 and RAMP3 mRNA levels are increased in failing rat cardiomyocytes and associated with increased responsiveness to adrenomedullin

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a potent vasorelaxing peptide with natriuretic and diuretic actions. Recent data indicate that AM may function as an endogenous regulator of cardiac function. We investigated to what extent AM, the AM receptor subtypes, and AM receptor-associated proteins were regulated in cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes of rats with congestive heart failure (CHF), and whether such regulation was paralleled by corresponding alterations of functional responses to AM. Cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes were isolated from myocardial tissue of rats 7 days after induction of myocardial infarction or sham operation. AM immunoreactivity was found in cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Robust increase of AM mRNA levels was observed both in the cardiomyocytes and in the non-cardiomyocytes of CHF rats compared to that of sham-operated rats (2.7-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively, P <0.05). Fairly high mRNA levels and immunoreactivity against the AM receptor chaperone receptor activity-modifying protein-2 (RAMP2) were also detected in the cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes. However, induction of RAMP2 mRNA expression was restricted to cardiomyocytes (1.8-fold increase in cardiomyocytes from CHF rats vs. sham rats; P <0.05). In contrast, very low levels of RAMP3 mRNA were observed. RAMP3 mRNA levels, however, were elevated in both cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes from CHF rats (6.5-fold and 2.4-fold increase vs. sham rats, respectively; P <0.05). Parallel increases of specific AM receptor binding sites and of AM-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities were observed in failing cardiomyocytes compared to cardiomyocytes from sham rats (fivefold and sixfold increase, respectively; P <0.05). Thus, this study demonstrates that AM mRNA levels, AM receptor binding sites, and AM-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities are increased in cardiomyocytes from failing rat hearts. Furthermore, our data suggest that induction of RAMP2 and RAMP3 contributes to the increased responsiveness to AM in failing cardiomyocytes.     

Insulin-induced phosphorylation of a 38 kDa DNA-binding protein in ventricular cardiomyocytes: possible implication of nuclear protein phosphatase activity

Ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from adult rat heart were used to analyze the effect of insulin on the phosphorylation of DNA-binding nuclear proteins and to elucidate the potential involvement of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1) and PP-2A in this hormonal action. Cells were labelled with [³³P]orthophosphate, stimulated with insulin (1.7 × 10⁻⁷ M) and processed for the isolation of nuclei and extraction of DNA-binding proteins. Insulin was found to induce a rapid and constant increase in the serine/threonine phosphorylation of a 38 kDa DNA-binding protein, reaching 150% of control after 15 min and 180% after 150 min. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting experiments revealed the presence of phosphorylated numatrin in the nuclear extract, however, insulin did not modify its phosphorylation state. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with okadaic acid (1 μM) resulted in a large increase (246 ± 30%) in the phosphorylation of the 38 kDa protein. Using ³²P-labelled phosphorylase as a substrate, we observed a significant inhibition of nuclear PP-1 activity to 38.5 ± 7% (n = 3) of control after incubation of cardiomyocytes with insulin for 15 min. PP-2A, which corresponds to about 25% of total phosphatase activity, was also inhibited to the same extent. These data show the presence of an insulin-responsive 38 kDa DNA-binding phosphoprotein in the nucleus of cardiomyocytes, which is at least partly regulated by nuclear phosphatase activity. It is suggested that inhibition of nuclear PP-1 and PP-2A represents a possible mechanism of insulin signalling to the nucleus of target cells.     

雌激素对小鼠心室肌细胞ATP敏感性钾离子通道活性的影响

目的从离子通道水平,观察雌激素(17α-ethynylestradiol and 17β-estradiol)对小鼠心室肌细胞ATP敏感性钾离子通道的影响。方法利用急性酶解法分离小鼠心室肌细胞,采用膜片钳制技术细胞膜内向外及细胞吸附记录模式。结果在钳制电压-60 mV细胞膜内向外记录模式下,向浴液中加入0.1μmol/L、1μmol/L及10μmol/L三种不同浓度雌激素,观察到两种雌激素(17α-ethynylestradiol、17β-estradiol)均对KATP通道有抑制作用,而且呈浓度依赖性,其半数有效浓度分别为0.3μmol/L及0.1 nmol/L。在钳制电压-60mV细胞吸附记录模式下,向浴液中加入pinacidil或2,4-dinitrophenol(DNP)活化KATP通道后,观察3 min,通道活性未见明显影响。在钳制电压-60mV细胞膜内向外记录模式下,向浴液中加入phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate(PDBu)0.001 nmol与处理后,观察到雌激素(10-8、10-3和1μmol/L)对于KATP离子通道活性抑制作用减弱。结论雌激素可通过影响心肌细胞KATP通道活性防止心律失常的产生,从而发挥心肌保护作用。     

Effect of emulsified isoflurane on apoptosis of anoxia-reoxygenation neonatal rat cardiomyocytes

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of emulsified isoflurane (EI) on apoptosis of anoxia-reoxygenation neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and relevant protein expression.MethodsCardiac muscle anoxia-reoxygenation damage model was established with culture in vitro neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. The cardiomyocytes were divided into control group, model group, fat emulsion group and EI group. The cardiomyocytes apoptosis rates and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) index standardization were detected after relevant treatment. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bel-2, Bax and Caspase-3 were detected with Western blot approach.ResultsAfter hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model was treated by EI, the cells apoptosis rate decreased and was dramatically below the fat emulsion group (P<0.05). Cardiomyocytes biochemical index detection presented that, compared with the control group that the LDH activity and MDA content dramatically increased (P<0.05), while the SOD activity notably decreased (P<0.05); compared with the H/R group, the SOD activity of the fat emulsion group and EI group increased (P<0.05); while the LDH activity and MDA content decreased (P<0.05). And the change of the EI group was more remarkable than the fat emulsion group (P<0.05). The Western blot analysis presented that, compared with the control group, the Bcl-2 protein expression of the other groups significantly decreased (P<0.05), the expressions of Bax protein and Caspase-3 protein increased significantly (P<0.05); compared with H/R group, cardiomyocytes Bcl-2 protein expression of EI group increased significantly (P<0.05), the expressions of Bax protein and Caspase-3 protein decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the change of EI group was more remarkable than the fat emulsion group (P<0.05).ConclusionsEI can inhabit the apoptosis of anoxia-reoxygenation damage model cardiomyocytes, and may be related to the up-regulation of expression of Bcl-2 and down-regulation of expression of Caspase-3 protein.