Cerebral hypoperfusion in immediate postoperative period following coronary artery bypass grafting, heart valve, and abdominal aortic surgery

Perioperative levels of jugular bulb oxyhaemoglobin saturation(Sj_O2) and lactate concentration (Lj), and postoperative durationof Sj_O2<50% were compared between patients undergoing coronaryartery bypass grafting (CABG) (n=86), heart valve (n=14) andabdominal aortic (n=16) surgery. Radial artery and jugular bulbblood samples were aspirated after induction of anaesthesia,during re-warming on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (36°C),on arrival in the intensive care unit (ICU) and, subsequently,at 1, 2 and 6 h after ICU admission. Most patients having heartsurgery were hypocapnic at 36°C on CPB. Following CABG andheart valve surgery, many patients were hypocapnic whereas afterabdominal aortic surgery, most were hypercapnic. During CPBand postoperatively, Sj_O2 and Lj were significantly correlatedto Pa_CO2 and the arterial concentration of lactate (La) respectively(P<0.05). After correction for arterial carbon dioxide tension(Pa_CO2) and La, there were no significant changes in Sj_O2 orLj on CPB. Postoperatively, having corrected for Pa_CO2, therewere significant effects on Sj_O2 over all groups as a resultof time from surgery (P<0.001) and its interaction with operationtype (P<0.001). Following correction for La, there were nopostoperative effects on Lj. No significant differences (P=0.2)in duration of Sj_O2<50% existed between patients undergoingCABG (1054 (82) min), abdominal aortic (893 (113) min) and heartvalve (1073 (91) min) surgery. The lack of significant reciprocaleffects on Lj combined with the frequency of hypocapnia andstrong influence of Pa_CO2on Sj_O2, suggest that Sj_O2<50% duringCPB and after cardiac surgery represents hypoperfusion as aconsequence of hypocapnia rather than cerebral ischaemia. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 229–36     

Comparative efficacy and safety of remifentanil and fentanyl in 'fast track' coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized, double-blind study

This multi-centre, parallel group, randomized, double-blindstudy compared the efficacy and safety of high-dose remifentaniladministered by continuous infusion with an intermittent bolusfentanyl regimen, when given in combination with propofol forgeneral anaesthesia in 321 patients undergoing elective coronaryartery bypass graft surgery. A significantly lower proportionof the patients who received remifentanil had responses to maximalsternal spread (the primary efficacy endpoint) compared withthose who received fentanyl (11% vs 52%; P<0.001). More patientswho received remifentanil responded to tracheal intubation comparedwith those who received fentanyl (24% vs 9%; P<0.001). However,fewer patients who received remifentanil responded to sternalskin incision (11% vs 36%; P<0.001) and sternotomy (14% vs60%; P <0.001). Median time to extubation was longer in thesubjects who received remifentanil than for those who receivedfentanyl (5.1 vs 4.2 h; P=0.006). There were no statisticallysignificant differences between the two groups in the timesfor transfer from intensive care unit or hospital dischargebut time to extubation was significantly longer in the remifentanilgroup. Overall, the incidence of adverse events was similarbut greater in the remifentanil group with respect to shivering(P<0.049) and hypertension (P<0.001). Significantly moredrug-related adverse events were reported in the remifentanilgroup (P=0.016) There were no drug-related adverse cardiac outcomesand no deaths from cardiac causes before hospital dischargein either treatment group. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 718–26     

Reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting using a minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass procedure

OBJECTIVE: Reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass tends to cause a higher mortality and morbidity than the primary operation. The purpose of this study was to discuss the effectiveness and safety of a minimally invasive coronary artery bypass procedure for patients who had previously undergone coronary artery bypass surgery. METHODS: We performed redo single coronary artery bypass grafting to the left anterior descending coronary artery in 9 patients and to the right coronary artery in 3 patients using minimally invasive cardiac surgery. The graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery was taken from the left internal thoracic artery in 5 patients, the right gastroepiploic artery in 3 patients, and from the saphenous vein in the other 1 patient. The graft to the right coronary artery was from the right gastroepiploic artery in all 3 patients. RESULTS: All grafts were patent. There was no major postoperative complication and no surgical or hospital death except one late death. CONCLUSIONS: In selected patients, we could safely and completely perform coronary artery bypass re-grafting to the left descending coronary artery or right coronary artery using a minimally invasive operation.     

胃旁路术对糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢的影响

目的 观察Roux-en-Y胃旁路术对糖尿病Coto-Kakizaki(CK)大鼠糖脂代谢的影响.方法 18只GK大鼠随机等分为Roux-en-Y胃旁路手术组(RYGB组)、假RYGB组和对照组;观察手术后1、2、4、12周各组大鼠空腹血糖、C肽和体质量增加值变化,同时观察手术后4周、12周血浆糖化血红蛋白、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量变化.结果 手术前3组大鼠各检测指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).手术后1、2、4、12周RYGB组大鼠空腹血糖(7.0±0.8比6.5±1.0比6.3±1.5比5.6±1.7比4.3±0.5,P<0.01)明显降低,空腹C肽(0.21±0.06比0.28±0.09比0.52±0.06比0.71±0.06比0.78±0.06,P<0.01)显著升高;手术后4、12周大鼠糖化血红蛋白(9.71±1.34比9.09±1.21比7.34±1.17,P<0.01)、甘油三酯(1.32±0.17比0.87±0.05比1.22±0.15,P<0.01)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(1.61±0.25比1.21±0.20比1.16±0.15,P<0.01)明显降低,高密度脂蛋白胆同醇(0.83±0.10比1.11±0.12比1.23±0.16,P<0.01)明显升高(P<0.01).各组大鼠体质量增加值差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).假RYGB组和对照组其余各检测指标的变化差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 Roux-en-Y胃旁路术可改善非肥胖糖尿病GK大鼠血糖和血脂代谢,且与体质量变化无关.     

老年冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者桡动脉形态及内皮型一氧化氮合酶表达的研究

目的 比较老年与年轻冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者桡动脉形态学差异及内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)的表达.方法 2008年2月至2009年6月219例应用自体桡动脉行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG),其中老年组(≥70岁)57例,年轻组(≤60岁)64例.术前常规行改良Allen试验,阳性患者再以Doppler超声复检.两组患者桡动脉均行HE染色,观测管腔狭窄程度(LN)及内膜/中膜比(IMR);通过免疫荧光染色及Western blot观察eNOS在桡动脉中的定位及表达水平.结果 两组患者桡动脉内膜增生均为轻到中度,中膜未见明显钙化.老年组LN为(22±6)%,年轻组为(23±6)%;老年组IMR为0.36±0.21,年轻组为0.42±0.19;两者组间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).eNOS在桡动脉内膜、中膜均有表达,以中膜平滑肌层为主,相对积分光密度值分析显示老年组桡动脉管壁eNOS表达含量为1.21±0.13,年轻组为1.25±0.12,组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论经过改良Allen实验及Doppler超声筛选后,老年冠心病患者桡动脉的质量及功能与年轻患者相近,应用于CABG有望获得较高的远期通畅率.     

二次冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床疗效

目的 评价二次冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床疗效.方法 51例病人(占医院同期进行冠状动脉旁路移植术病人的2.5%)进行二次冠状动脉旁路移植术,距首次手术(15.1±5.8)年.10例采用非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG),41例采用体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG).正中切口43例,左胸侧切口8例.结果 3例行CABG病人手术后呼吸衰竭,需呼吸机辅助.所有病人住ICU(2.2±0.7)天,住院(9.2±2.4)天.术后死亡2例(3.9%),采用OPCABG和CABG者各1例,死亡原因分别为急性心肌梗死、低心排血量综合征和呼吸功能衰竭、重症肺炎.完全再血管化44例,其中行OPCABG者6例,CABG者38例.部分再血管化7例,行OPCABG者4例,CABG者3例.结论 CABG和OPCABG行二次冠状动脉旁路移植术均安全,疗效满意,能达到完全再血管化的目的.     

高龄糖尿病病人的冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的 分析高龄糖尿病病人行冠状动脉旁路移植术的疗效,探讨糖尿病对高龄冠状动脉旁路手术病人的影响.方法 649例70岁以上冠脉旁路移植病人分成糖尿病组及无糖尿病组.统计分析两组术前、术中及术后资料.结果 除糖尿病组合并左主干病变较多外,两组术前病情及手术情况未见差异,术后病死率、并发症、输血等各方面差异也未见统计学意义.结论 高龄病人行冠状动脉旁路移植手术是可行的,糖尿病病人可以获得与非糖尿病者相同的治疗效果.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗6例儿童川崎病并发冠状动脉病变

目的 总结冠状动脉旁路移植治疗儿童川崎病并发冠状动脉病变的近、中期疗效.方法 2005年2月至2009年9月,6例川崎病并发冠状动脉病变病儿接受冠状动脉旁路移植,其中男5例,女1例;年龄6～12岁.确诊川崎病0.5～5.0年.冠状动脉左主干闭塞1例,左、右冠状动脉瘤样病变5例.心功能(NYHA)分级Ⅱ级1例,Ⅲ级5例.术前心脏超声示左室舒张末内径(LVDD)39～54 mm;左室收缩未内径(LVSD)23～45 mm;左室射血分数(LVEF)0.33～0.71;二尖瓣中度反流1例.均在体外循环下手术,移植血管均用动脉,平均旁路移植血管(2.0±0.6)根.其中左乳内动脉4根,桡动脉7根.同期冠状动脉成形术4例,二尖瓣成形术1例.结果 无手术死亡,体外循环平均(95.6±31.0)min;主动脉阻断平均(57.8±33.9)min.术后LVDD 32～56 mm,LVSD 21～39 mm,LVEF 0.45～0.71.冠状动脉CT示移植血管均通畅.均获随访,无远期死亡,病儿生长发育同正常同龄儿.随访0.1～4.5年,心功能平均(1.4±0.55)级.5例术后1年移植血管100%通畅,1例术后2年移植血管通畅.结论 冠状动脉旁路移植术可以有效治疗川崎病并发冠状动脉病变,全动脉化有利于旁路血管远期通畅,其近、中期疗效满意.     

冠状动脉心肌桥的外科治疗

目的探讨冠状动脉心肌桥(myocardial bridge,MB)的临床特点,手术适应证,手术方法及手术效果。方法1996年10月至2007年2月,阜外心血管病医院对34例MB患者施行冠状动脉心肌桥手术治疗,其中单纯MB10例;MB合并冠心病4例,心脏瓣膜疾病15例,肥厚梗阻型心肌病3例,马方综合征1例,房间隔缺损1例。34例MB患者均由冠状动脉造影明确诊断。术前心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅱ级30例,Ⅲ级4例。心肌桥位于左前降支32例,后降支1例,回旋支1例,长度为1～6cm。行心肌桥松解术15例,冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)19例。结果行心肌桥松解术患者,术中右心室穿孔1例,经修补后治愈;心肌桥松解术同期行二尖瓣置换术患者,左心室破裂死亡1例。无其他并发症发生。术后随访30例,随访时间15～124个月;其中有2例单纯MB患者行松解术后仍有心绞痛症状,均用药物控制。30例MB患者术后心功能分级Ⅰ级25例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级3例。结论MG的外科治疗可依据心肌桥的长度,位置的深浅及是否合并壁冠状动脉近端粥样硬化,选用心肌桥松解术或冠状动脉旁路移植术,这两种手术方法均可取得较为满意的临床结果。     

Evaluation of perfusion modes on vital organ recovery and thyroid hormone homeostasis in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass

The objectives of this study were: (i) to evaluate the effects of perfusion modes (pulsatile vs. nonpulsatile) on vital organs recovery and (ii) to investigate the influences of two different perfusion modes on the homeostasis of thyroid hormones in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) procedures. Two hundred and eighty‐nine consecutive pediatric patients undergoing open heart surgery for repair of congenital heart disease were prospectively entered into the study and were randomly assigned to two groups: the pulsatile perfusion group (Group P, n = 208) and the nonpulsatile perfusion group (Group NP, n = 81). All patients received identical surgical, perfusional, and postoperative care. Study parameters included total drainage, mean urine output in the intensive care unit (ICU), intubation time, duration of ICU and hospital stay, the need for inotropic support, pre‐ and postoperative enzyme levels (ALT [alanine aminotransaminase] and AST [aspartate aminotransaminase]), c‐reactive protein, lactate, albumin, blood count (leukocytes, hematocrit, platelets), creatinine levels, and thyroid hormones (thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], FT₃[free triiodothyronine], FT₄[free thyroxine]). All patients survived the perioperative and postoperative periods. There were no statistically significant differences in either preoperative or operative parameters between the two groups. Group P, compared to Group NP, required significantly less inotropic support, had a shorter intubation period, higher urine output in ICU, and shorter duration of ICU and hospital stay. Lower lactate levels and higher albumin levels were observed in Group P and there were no significant differences in creatinine, enzyme levels, blood counts, or drainage amounts between two groups. TSH, Total T₃, Total T₄, and FT₃, FT₄ levels were markedly reduced versus their preoperative values in both groups. FT₃ and FT₄ levels were reduced significantly further in the nonpulsatile group both during CPB and at 72 h postoperation. The results of this study confirm our opinion that pulsatile perfusion leads to better vital organ recovery and clinical outcomes in the early postoperative period as compared to nonpulsatile perfusion in pediatric patients undergoing CPB cardiac surgery. The plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones are dramatically reduced during and after CPB, but pulsatile perfusion seems to have a protective effect of thyroid hormone homeostasis compared to nonpulsatile perfusion.