如何做好儿科实习医生

实习医生是医学生向临床医生过渡的关健时期,掌握好儿科特点,注重儿科临床实践技能和临床思维能力的培养,加强良好的沟通能力和技巧的培养,是做好一名儿科实习医生的关键。     

A brief tool to assess capacity to consent for medical care among homeless individuals with problematic substance use: study protocol

Background

Public health care increasingly uses outreach models to engage individuals who are marginalized, many of whom misuse substances. Problematic substance use, together with marginalization from the health care system, among homeless adults makes it difficult to assess their capacity to consent to medical care. Tools have been developed to assess capacity to consent; however, these tools are lengthy and unsuitable for outreach settings. The primary objective of this study is to develop, validate, and pilot a brief but sensitive screening instrument which can be used to guide clinicians in assessing capacity to consent in outreach settings. The goal of this paper is to outline the protocol for the development of such a tool.

Methods/Design

A brief assessment tool will be developed and compared to the MacArthur Competency Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T). As list of 36 possible questions will be created by using qualitative data from clinician interviews, as well as concepts from the literature. This list will be rated by content experts according to the extent that it corresponds to the test objectives. The instrument will be validated with 300 homeless adult volunteers who self-report problematic substance use. Participants will be assessed for capacity using the MacCAT-T and the new instrument. A combination of Classical Test Theory and advanced psychometric methods will be used for the psychometric analysis. Corrected Item-Total correlation will be examined to identify items that discriminate poorly. Guided exploratory factor analysis will be conducted on the final selection of items to confirm the assumptions for a unidimensional polytomous Rasch model. If unidimensionality is confirmed, an unstandardized Cronbach Alpha will be calculated. If multi-dimensionality is detected, a multidimensional Rasch analysis will be conducted. Results from the new instrument will be compared to the total score from the MacCAT-T by using Pearson’s correlation test. The new instrument will then be piloted in real-time by street outreach clinicians to determine the acceptability and usefulness of the new instrument.

Discussion

This research will build on the existing knowledge about assessing capacity to consent and will contribute new knowledge about assessing individuals whose judgment is impaired by substance use.     

Best interests at end of life: A review of decisions made by the Consent and Capacity Board of Ontario

Purpose

When patients are unable to communicate their own wishes, surrogates are commonly used to aid in decision making. Although each jurisdiction has its own rules or legislation governing how surrogates are to make health care decisions, many rely on the notion of “best interests” when no prior expressed wishes are known.

Methods

We purposively sampled written decisions of the Ontario Consent and Capacity Board that focused on the best interests of patients at the end of life. Interpretive content analysis was performed independently by 2 reviewers, and themes that were identified by consensus as describing best interests were construed, as well as the characteristics of an end-of-life dispute that may be most appropriately handled by an application to the Consent and Capacity Board.

Results

We found that many substitute decision makers rely on an appeal to religion or God in their interpretation of best interests, whereas physicians focused narrowly on the clinical condition of the patient in their interpretations.

Conclusions

Several lessons are drawn for the benefit of health care teams engaged in end-of-life conflicts with substitute decision makers over the best interests of patients.     

浅谈耐力素质与肺活量的关系

目的 在于为参加体育教学、运动训练、提高人体素质和运动员选材作理论依据。方法 通过测量广东医学 院2003级男生220人的肺活量和1000m跑的数据。采用了数据处理和常规对比统计方法。结果 最大肺活量20 人的1000m跑成绩累加得68．65分,最小肺活量20人的1000m跑成绩累加得71．08分,两值相差2．43分。最好 1000米跑成绩20人的肺活量累加得73500,最差1000m跑成绩20人的肺活量累加得69900,两值相差3600。结论 肺活量不能完全地反映耐力素质,耐力素质也不能完全决定于肺活量,其耐力素质的好坏有很多因素决定。     

Consent in obstetric anaesthesia

Consent to medical treatment is a vital process that should occur prior to any procedure or intervention in a competent adult. There are ethical and legal reasons for doctors to ensure that valid, adequate consent has been obtained from a patient. It is generally accepted that written consent is acceptable, however, discussions regarding consent should be clearly documented, including specific risks discussed. Labouring women may have to consent for procedures when in severe pain, under the influence of strong analgesics, or in a time-pressured situation. However, the parturient is presumed to be competent. A competent pregnant woman may decline treatment for any reason, even if it puts her or her unborn child at risk of harm or death.     

Increasing research capacity and changing the culture of primary care towards reflective inquiring practice: the experience of the West London Research Network (WeLReN)

A number of primary care research networks were set up throughout England in 1998 in order to (1) improve the quality of primary care research (2) increase the research capacity of primary care, and (3) change the culture of primary care towards reflective inquiring practice (NHSE, 2000b). It is not clear how best to operate a network to achieve these diverse aims. This paper describes the first 30 months of a network that adopted a whole system approach in the belief that this would offer the best chance of simultaneously achieving the three aims. A cycle of activity was designed to facilitate the formation of multidisciplinary coalitions of interest for research with complementary 'top down' and 'bottom up' programmes of work co-existing. At least 330 people participated in the generation of research questions of whom one third (33%) were general practitioners, 16% community nurses, 6% practice managers and other primary care practitioners. Over two fifths (43%) were 'key allies' - academics, health authority staff, community workers and project workers. One fifth (110) of all practices (500) in the WeLReN area have collaborated in at least one research project. The ratio of doctor:nurse participation in the 24 research project teams was markedly different in the supported coalitions (2:1) compared to projects devised and led by more experienced researchers (6:1). The evidence suggests that it is possible to operate a primary care research network in a way that develops coalitions of interest from different parts of the health care system as well as both 'top down' and 'bottom up' led projects. It is too early to tell if the approach will be able to achieve its aims in the long-term but the activity data are encouraging. There is a need for more research on the theoretical basis of network operation.     

Continuous glucose monitoring in youth with cystic fibrosis treated with lumacaftor-ivacaftor

Background

The effects of lumacaftor-ivacaftor therapy on glycemia have not been thoroughly investigated. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides detailed information about glycemic patterns and detects glucose abnormalities earlier than traditional screening tools for diabetes.

The kinetics and capacity of repair of sublethal damage in mouse lip mucosa during fractionated irradiations

The kinetics and capacity of repair of sublethal damage in mouse lip mucosa have been investigated. To assess the rate of repair 2 and 5 irradiations have been given with intervals ranging from 1 to 24 hours. It was found that the sublethal damage induced by a dose of approximately 10 Gy was fully recovered in approximately 4 hr. After a dose of 5-6 Gy, cellular repair was completed within 3 hr. The half time of repair (T1/2) was estimated to be approximately 72 min for 10 Gy and approximately 54 min for 5-6 Gy. Although these results suggest that the rate of repair is dependent on the fraction size, the possible influence of the amount of repair of sublethal radiation damage with the various fraction sizes used can not be ruled out. To evaluate the capacity of repair, a single dose, 2, 4 and 10 fractions have been given in a maximal overall time of 3 days in order to minimize the influence of repopulation. The slope of the isoeffective curve was 0.32 and the alpha/beta ratio was 8.5 Gy. This indicates that the capacity of cellular repair of lip mucosa is similar to those of other rapidly proliferating tissues but smaller than those of late responding tissues. The results of the present and other studies demonstrate that there are considerable differences in the repair characteristics between acutely and late responding tissues. These features have to be dealt with when fractionation schedules are markedly altered.     

氦氧混合气对肺活量和最大呼气流速-容积曲线的影响与评价

目的 :观察氦氧混合气对肺活量的影响 ,并根据实验数据对氦氧混合气最大呼气流速 -容积曲线的理论和价值作一评价。方法 :测定 6 4例非吸烟健康志愿者呼吸氦氧混合气前后的肺活量 ,并对其各组成部分进行统计学分析。结果 :呼吸氦氧混合气后 ,肺活量较呼吸空气时增加了 19.2 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,补呼气容积增加了87.3% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,深吸气量减低了 7.39(P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :呼吸氦氧混合气能使肺活量大幅增加 ,这可能是肺功能研究方面的一个新发现 ,其机制有待揭示和阐明 ;由于氦氧混合气能使肺活量大幅增加 ,本来就受到质疑的氦氧混合气最大呼气流速 -容积曲线的理论和意义第一次受到了实质性的否定。