An acute fatal occupational cadmium poisoning by inhalation

Summary A 43-year-old male smelter was admitted to a hospital on account of severe dyspnea about 2 days after exposure to brownish-yellow smoke produced by melting of copper scrap. On admission pronounced hypoxemia was revealed, and an oxygen-enriched gas was administered after intubation. Although inspired oxygen concentration was gradually increased, hypoxemia progressed and he died on day 11 in hospital.The principal autopsy finding was chiefly confined to the lungs. Both lungs were heavy (the left weighing 1,470 g; the right 1,710 g) and firm to the touch. Histologically, no normal alveoli were found throughout the entire lung. Some alveolar spaces were occupied by pneumocytes, others by organized exudate with fibrosis. Interstitial fibrosis was present. Patchy areas of inflammatory cell infiltrations as well as intra-alveolar hemorrhages were observed. On the basis of the above findings a diagnosis of diffuse alveolar damage was made.Based on the available evidence (presence of cadmium in the copper scrap, feature of the smoke, clinical signs with latent time, and high cadmium concentration of the lung), the diffuse alveolar damage was considered to have been caused by inhaled cadmium. The pulmonary change of the present case was more advanced in pathologic stage in comparison with those reported in the literature.     

Response of quiescent and total tumor cells in solid tumors to neutrons with various cadmium ratios

Purpose: Response of quiescent (Q) and total tumor cells in solid tumors to neutron irradiation with three different cadmium (Cd) ratios was examined. The role of Q cells in tumor control was also discussed.Methods and Materials: C3H/He mice bearing SCC VII tumors received continuous administration of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) for 5 days using implanted mini-osmotic pumps to label all proliferating (P) cells. Thirty minutes after intraperitoneal injection of sodium borocaptate-¹⁰B (BSH), or 3 h after oral administration of dl-p-boronophenylalanine-¹⁰B (BPA), the tumors were irradiated with neutrons, or those without ¹⁰B-compounds were irradiated with gamma rays. This neutron irradiation was performed using neutrons with three different cadmium (Cd) ratios. The tumors were then excised, minced, and trypsinized. The tumor cell suspensions were incubated with cytochalasin-B (a cytokinesis-blocker), and the micronucleus (MN) frequency in cells without BrdU labeling (Q cells) was determined using immunofluorescence staining for BrdU. The MN frequency in total (P + Q) tumor cells was determined from tumors that were not pretreated with BrdU. The sensitivity to neutrons was evaluated in terms of the frequency of induced micronuclei in binuclear tumor cells (MN frequency).Results: Without ¹⁰B-compounds, the MN frequency in Q cells was lower than that in the total cell population. The sensitivity difference between total and Q cells was reduced by neutron irradiation. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of neutrons compared with gamma rays was larger in Q cells than in total cells, and the RBE values for low-Cd-ratio neutrons tended to be larger than those for high-Cd-ratio neutrons. With ¹⁰B-compounds, MN frequency for each cell population was increased, especially for total cells. This increase in MN frequency was marked when high-Cd-ratio neutrons were used. BPA increased the MN frequency for total tumor cells more than BSH. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of Q cells treated with BPA was lower than that in BSH-treated Q cells. This tendency was clearly observed in high-Cd-ratio neutrons.Conclusion: From the viewpoint of enhancing the Q-cell sensitivity, tumors should be irradiated with high-Cd-ratio neutrons after BSH administration. However, normal tissue reaction remains to be examined because of its low tumor-to-normal tissue and tumor-to-blood biodistribution ratios.     

镉对大鼠子宫雌激素受体影响的体外研究

目的研究镉对子宫雌激素受体结合容量影响,并评价其环境内分泌干扰作用。方法制备大鼠子宫细胞质雌激素受体;运用正交实验设计[L16(45)]进行单剂量配基结合试验研究两因素——镉的浓度和预先孵育时间对雌二醇(E2)结合雌激素受体(ER)的最大结合容量(Bmax)影响;用竞争结合抑制试验,计算镉的IC50值,并以己烯雌酚为参照品计算相对亲和力(RBA),研究镉与ER的结合能力。结果体外不同浓度的镉(0、10-3、10-5、10-7mol/L)与孵育不同时间(0、30、60、90min)对E2与ER的最大结合位点数(Bmax,单位为pmol/mg蛋白)的改变均无统计学意义(P>0.05),同时也未见体外不同浓度的镉与孵育不同时间有交互作用,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);其中0、10-3、10-5、10-7mol/L浓度的镉孵育0min的Bmax分别为203.15±75.16、203.41±22.78、220.82±45.35、209.10±49.66;孵育30min的Bmax分别为215.67±92.97、139.79±53.78、205.27±23.60、172.63±55.09;孵育60min的Bmax分别为197.11±50.68、203.24±66.33、183.92±31.89、183.33±32.70;孵育90min的Bmax分别为229.69±76.88、175.70±70.28、164.26±24.46、150.78±65.97。氯化镉的半数抑制浓度(IC50)为10-4～10-3mol/L之间,Cd与ER结合的RBA约为DES的10-6～10-7。结论镉对E2与子宫雌     

镉污染对居民健康影响及因素分析

目的了解镉污染对居民健康尤其是对女性生殖健康的影响,为镉污染防制提供科学依据.方法选择福建省一铅锌矿所在地的"污染区"与"对照区",进行现场流行病学、卫生学与入户问卷调查,并进行尿镉、尿β2-微球蛋白等实验室检测.结果污染区居民健康状况比非污染区差,阳性症状、体征都较对照区多;慢性病危险因素Logistic回归分析表明,居住污染区(OR值为2.199)、中年人是患慢性病的危险因素(OR值为2.382),多吃新鲜蔬菜是保护因素(OR值为0.76);生殖功能损害影响因素的多分类有序Logistic回归模型表明,居住污染区的危险因素OR为1.36,每天多吃新鲜蔬菜是生殖功能损害的保护因素(OR值为0.55).结论镉污染对居民健康尤其是对女性生殖健康的影响应予关注.对污染区居民而言,每天多吃新鲜蔬菜、可减少镉污染对健康尤其是对女性生殖健康的影响.     

水中痕量铍、镉、铅的固相萃取-ICP-AES高灵敏度分析方法研究

[目的]建立水中痕量铍、镉、铅的阳离子交换树脂固相萃取-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱高灵敏度分析方法。[方法]本文对水样酸度、萃取流速和洗脱流速、洗脱液的酸度和体积等萃取条件对检测结果的影响以及ICP-AES检测条件,进行了实验优化选择。[结果]在优化条件下,铍、镉和铅的检出限(3σ,n=20)分别为1.4ng/L、5.0ng/L和49ng/L。[结论]该方法用于纯水、自来水、矿泉水、井水和河水的检测,获得满意的结果。     

职业接触镉对工人胰岛素水平的影响

目的研究镉对职业暴露人群胰岛素和血糖水平的影响。方法以我国中南地区某冶炼厂98名镉作业工人为职业接触对象,同时选取该厂职工医院未接触镉的健康医生作为对照。按照研究对象镉接触工龄及血镉、尿镉分组,调查了不同接触工龄组及不同血镉、尿镉组工人血清胰岛素水平的变化,同时检测机体血锌、尿锌水平的改变,并就血镉、血锌及血胰岛素等水平之间的相关关系进行分析。结果接触工龄20-年组血糖水平[(4．9±0．6)mmol／L]明显高于对照组[(4．6±0．5) mmol／L],差异有统计学意义(P<0．01)。接触工龄10～年组血清胰岛素水平[(8．58±4．91)μIU/ml]明显低于对照组[(11．57±5．42)μIU/ml],差异有统计学意义(P<0．05);且随血镉、尿镉水平的增加,血清胰岛素水平明显降低。接触工龄20-年者尿锌水平明显增高。相关分析显示,胰岛素与血镉、尿镉呈明显的负相关关系,血糖与胰岛素、C肽水平之间呈正相关关系。结论职业接触镉可以导致血清胰岛素水平的降低,可能影响血糖水平。     

氯化镉诱发16HBE细胞系恶性转化过程中TIF3 p36的变化

目的 探讨氯化镉诱发人支气管上皮细胞（16HBE）恶性转化过程中不同阶段蛋白翻译起始因子（TIF3）p36 mRNA表达水平的变化,为进一步阐明氯化镉的分子致癌机制提供线索.方法 应用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）技术,以及敏感先进的Taqman荧光定量PCR方法,检测并分析氯化镉诱发16HBE恶性转化不同阶段即转化期间细胞、转化细胞和成瘤细胞的TIF3 p36 mRNA表达量的变化.结果 相对于非转化对照细胞（16HBE）,氯化镉诱发恶性转化不同阶段细胞（转化期间细胞、转化细胞和成瘤细胞）的TIF3 p36 mRNA基因表达水平均明显升高（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）,其中低剂量组（5 μmol/L）所转化的各阶段细胞的eIF3 p36 mRNA平均表达量分别是对照细胞的3.1、5.9和9.9倍,中剂量组（10 μmol/L）的各阶段转化细胞的TIF3平均表达量分别是对照细胞的7.1、6.8和14.8倍,高剂量组（15 μmol/L）的各阶段转化细胞的TIF3 p36平均表达量分别是对照细胞的3.6、3.0和9.1倍.这些不同剂量组的研究结果提示,eIF3 p36的异常表达量与氯化镉诱发16HBE细胞恶变程度之间有正相关关系,但与镉的剂量无关.结论 氯化镉在诱发16HBE细胞恶变过程中,存在明显的蛋白翻译启动因子eIF3 p36异常表达现象,其表达水平与细胞的恶变程度密切相关,这可能是氯化镉诱发人细胞肿瘤的重要分子致癌机制之一.     

镉污染对育龄妇女生殖健康的影响

目的 探讨福建省政和县环境镉污染对女性生殖健康的影响。方法 根据环境镉污染检测结果,对镉污染较严重的2个自然村育龄妇女的生殖健康状况作调查,并与非污染区育龄妇女的生殖健康状况作对比。结果 污染区育龄妇女中,未婚女性的月经周期异常率、痛经发生率(分别为19.1％和42.6％)均高于非污染区(分别为5.7％和18.9％);污染区已婚妇女不孕症发生率(6.3％)高于非污染区已婚妇女(1.1％);已婚妇女前两胎妊娠时频发恶心、频发呕吐的发生率,前两胎早产发生率及前两胎死胎死产发生率(分别为44.7％、31.7％、10.27％和4.23％)高于非污染区已婚妇女(分别为26.5％、17.8％、2.85％和1.05％),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);累积比数模型分析表明:在控制其他因素的影响后,居住在污染区的育龄妇女,其生殖功能受到损害的可能性更大,其相对危险度是居住在非污染区育龄妇女的2.072倍(95％CI:1.526～2.813)。结论 污染区育龄妇女生殖健康的各个方面已受到不同程度的影响。     

黄芪注射液对氯化镉致睾丸和附睾毒性的拮抗作用

目的研究黄芪注射液拮抗氯化镉诱导的大鼠睾丸和附睾毒性作用及其机制。方法将50只SpragueDawley雄性大鼠随机分成5组:低浓度黄芪组(A1)、高浓度黄芪组(A2)、环磷酰胺组(CP)、氯化镉组(Cd)和对照组(C)。预先连续7d分别给A1组和A2组大鼠腹腔注射黄芪注射液5g·kg-1·d-1和10g·kg-1·d-1,CP组和Cd组以等量蒸馏水腹腔注射作对照。之后连续21d给A1组、A2组和Cd组大鼠同时腹腔注射氯化镉溶液(0.2mg·kg-1·d-1)。染镉后第22天处死大鼠,观察睾丸脏器系数、精子头计数、每日精子生成量、附睾尾精子计数和畸形率以及睾丸和附睾病理学;检测血清和睾丸组织总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)。结果A2组睾丸脏器系数、睾丸精子头计数、每日精子生成量和附睾精子计数[(5.68±1.19)、(49±9)×106/g、(10.2±2.3)×106/g、(47.5±22.5)×106/ml]明显高于Cd组[(3.11±0.16)、(39±11)×106/g、(5.1±0.3)×106/g、(10.9±2.4)×106/ml](P<0.05或P<0.01);A2组大鼠精子畸形率[(7.04±0.12)%]明显下降,与Cd组[(17.81±1.55)%]相比,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01);A2组血清及睾丸组织MDA含量和T-SOD活力与Cd组比较差异均有非常显著性(P<0.01)。结论黄芪注射液可用于防治氯化镉的生殖毒性作用,其作用机制可能与黄芪清除氧自?     

镉接触对妊娠期及哺乳期大鼠及仔代生长发育的影响

目的 观察妊娠期及哺乳期镉接触对大鼠性别分化、生长发育和青春期启动的影响,以及其可能的内分泌干扰机制。方法 SD雌性大鼠从妊娠第1天开始至仔鼠断奶,自由饮用含0、5、20和40mg/L氯化镉的水。结果 各剂量组仔鼠的生长发育、青春期启动均受到明显影响：出生后（PND）21d体重明显低于对照组;阴道开放、包皮分离比对照组延迟2－3d。但是,各剂量组对妊娠时间、羊床数、每胎活产数、性别比例、肛殖距离没有明显的影响。结论 在该实验条件下,并未显示镉具有雌激素样活性。镉可能通过多种机制,如甾类生成、甲状腺、垂体性腺轴等,干扰内分泌系统,从而影响大鼠的生长发育、青春期启动。