Impact of mucosal barrier injury laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection (MBI-LCBI) on central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in department of hematology at single university hospital in Japan

Background

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are among the most serious complications especially in blood cancer patients. In January 2013, Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC) introduced a new surveillance definition of mucosal barrier injury-associated laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection (MBI-LCBI). This study was to determine the impact of MBI-LCBI on CLABSIs and compare the clinical characteristics of MBI versus non-MBI-LCBI cases.

Sun protective behaviors at an outdoor entertainment event in Australia

An observational study was conducted to examine the use of sun protective hats, clothing, and sunglasses of people attending an outdoor entertainment event in an area of high‐to‐extreme ultraviolet radiation in New South Wales, Australia. Armidale is unique, as it is a highly‐elevated area, almost 1000 m above sea level, and temperatures are often mild with very high‐to‐extreme levels of ultraviolet radiation. Four trained data collectors observed attendees as they entered the event, and recorded their use of sun protective hats, clothing, and sunglasses. While more than half of the attendees wore sun protective hats, only 14% wore sun protective clothing. Broad‐brimmed hats were considered sun protective, while sun protective clothing was defined by shirts with at least three‐quarter‐length sleeves. Females were more likely to wear both a sun protective hat and clothing than males, and children were less protected than adults. Legislative changes are required to ensure that organizers of outdoor events have a legal responsibility to provide a safe environment for attendees, including strategies to help reduce ultraviolet radiation exposure.     

Risks of leukapheresis and how to manage them—A non-systematic review

Leukapheresis is like any other preparative apheresis, except it isn’t: Leukapheresis typically takes much longer, larger blood volumes are processed and, consequently, larger ACD-A volumes are administered. Blood component donors and leukapheresis subjects are also quite different populations. Allogeneic donors tend to be younger and many are first-time donors, both of which are risk factors for adverse reactions during blood donation. Moreover, more than half of all leukapheresis collections are performed in patients. Here it is the age distribution, including patients at the extremes of age, as well as the underlying disease and co-morbidities which may expose them to higher, or different, risks compared to donors. Both groups thus have good reasons why adverse effects to leukapheresis might be more frequent, more severe, or even different in nature altogether. Compared to other preparative apheresis types like platelet or plasma apheresis, the risks of leukapheresis have been studied less extensively, as it is in comparison a relatively low-frequency intervention. Often leukapheresis remains a domain of hematologists who have a different sense of procedural safety than transfusionists. Furthermore, G-CSF mobilized “stem cell” aphereses by a wide margin outnumber unmobilized aphereses, so that the very strong signal from adverse reactions to G-CSF all but drowns out signals from the apheresis proper. This focused review assesses observations from leukapheresis as well as extrapolation of observations from other forms of preparative apheresis in an attempt to gauge the safety of leukapheresis and identify potential approaches to its further improvement. In short, the overall impression is one of a very satisfactory safety record of leukapheresis, with occasional issues with venous access or vasovagal problems, and frequent, but highly responsive and rarely limiting ACD-A toxicity.     

Pattern of distribution of 35 red cell antigens in regular voluntary blood donors of South Gujarat,India

Background

Extended phenotyping is one of the important method of reducing red cell alloimmunisation. Extended phenotyping of red cells from voluntary donors have many uses in addition to its application in population genetics. As there was very little data extended phenotyping on a cohort of Indian Voluntary blood donors this project was undertaken.

The relationship between immunogenic red blood cell antigens and Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection

Introduction

Evidence suggests that red cell antigens may act as receptors for viruses and bacteria and therefore could be associated with HIV infection. Previous studies have been controversial and therefore the aim of this exploratory study was to analyse the expression of immunogenic red cell antigens in HIV-seropositive individuals and to compare the results to negative donors from South Africa.

Effect of pre-donation fluid intake on fluid shift from interstitial to intravascular compartment in blood donors

Background

Fluid shifts from interstitial to intravascular space during blood donation helps in compensating the lost blood volume. We aimed to determine the volume of fluid shift following donation in donors with and without pre-donation fluid intake.

A review of novel technologies and techniques associated with identification of bloodstream infection etiologies and rapid antimicrobial genotypic and quantitative phenotypic determination

Introduction: The antimicrobial aspect of management of patients with blood stream infections (BSI) and sepsis is time critical. In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, rapid detection and identification of bacteria with antimicrobial susceptibility is crucial to direct therapy early in the course of illness. Molecular techniques offer a potential solution to this.

Areas covered: In the present review the authors have discussed a number of novel solutions utilizing a variety of molecular techniques for pathogen detection, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility. The review is not designed to be an exhaustive literature review covering all diagnostic solutions ever developed, instead the authors have focused on what they have had experience using, evaluating or currently view as new and exciting with potential to revolutionize BSI diagnosis.

The authors searched PubMed (Medline) and Google Scholar with terms: BSI, Bacteraemia, Candidaemia, Diagnostics, AST, Rapid, AMR, Novel and Blood Culture. The authors attended recent clinical microbiology technology congresses.

Expert commentary: There are multiple exciting novel technologies at differing stages of development with potential to revolutionize diagnosis of BSI. More work is needed as well as a standardized assessment of different platforms in order to better understand the clinical and financial impacts these will have in clinical microbiology laboratories.     

Preoperative anemia and extensive transfusion during stay-in-hospital are critical for patient`s mortality: A retrospective multicenter cohort study of oncological patients undergoing radical cystectomy

Background

Preoperative anemia and allogeneic blood transfusions (ABTs) may affect outcomes in cancer surgery. The prevalence of anemia, the use of ABTs, the risks of transfusions, lengths of stay and mortality of oncological patients undergoing radical cystectomy were investigated in three University Hospitals in Germany.

载BDNF脂质体纳米微粒脂膜微泡超声造影剂的制备与初步评价

目的 探索制备一种新型的耦连包载BDNF脂质体纳米颗粒的脂膜微泡超声造影剂(BDNF-UMCA)。方法 以冷冻干燥法在“脂氟显”制备的基础上加入一定比例的含生物素化棕榈酰磷脂酰甘油钠-聚乙二醇2000-生物素[DPPG-PEG(2000)-Biotin]制备含生物素的脂质超声微泡造影剂,通过链亲和素来耦连含生物素化PEG载BDNF脂质体纳米微粒制备BDNF-UMCA,检测其理化性质、载药量、包封率、稳定性和体内声学特性进行检测。结果 BDNF-UMCA平均粒径4.2±0.79 μm,浓度为1.02×10₉/ml;总药物含量为1.18±1.96 mg/mL,包封率为71.6±2.6%;BDNF-UMCA在4℃条件下,平均粒径和包封率均无明显的变化;在24℃条件下,载BDNF脂质体纳米微粒的平均粒径随时间逐渐增大,第1、3、5、7天的粒径与初始粒径比较具有明显的统计学差异(均P<0.05),包封率在24℃下各个时间点无明显的统计学差异(均P>0.05);BDNF-UMCA能显著增强实验动物肝脏显影,平均峰值强度为21.4±0.9 dB,平均达峰时间为4.7±0.4 s。结论 应用生物素-亲和素偶联可成功制备载BDNF脂质体纳米微粒的脂膜超声微泡造影剂,为靶向显影及药物通过血脑屏障释放提供工具。     

Efficacy of a high potency O1 Manisa monovalent vaccine against heterologous challenge with a FMDV O Mya98 lineage virus in pigs 4 and 7 days post vaccination

Early protection with a high potency (>6PD₅₀) foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) O₁ Manisa (Middle-East South Asia lineage) vaccine against challenge with O/VIT/2010 (O Mya98 lineage) was tested in pigs. Only two pigs that were vaccinated seven days prior to challenge had any demonstrable antibodies as a result of vaccination at the time of challenge. However, 80% and 60% of pigs that were vaccinated seven and four days prior to coronary band challenge were protected. Vaccination significantly reduced the amount of virus excreted in nasal swabs, saliva and faeces compared to unvaccinated and infected controls. Virus and viral RNA could be detected in some pigs until termination of the experiment 14 days after challenge. Antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSP) were detected in only one pig that was challenged four days post vaccination (dpv) and transiently in two pigs that were challenged seven dpv at only one time point. For each vaccine and control group, a group of unvaccinated pigs were kept in the same room but with no direct contact with the infected pigs to determine whether vaccination prevented transmission. Despite the presence of live virus and viral RNA in these indirect contact pigs, the groups in contact with the vaccinated and infected pigs did not develop clinical signs nor did they sero-convert. Contact pigs in the same room as unvaccinated challenged controls did show signs of disease and virus infection that resulted in sero-conversion to the NSP. A breach of the wall that separated the two groups at nine days post challenge might have contributed to this finding. This study showed that high potency vaccine can provide protection to pigs soon after vaccination and that aerosol transmission within rooms is a rare event.