The use of platelet function testing in PCI and CABG patients

Antiplatelet drugs are widely used in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. Dual anti-platelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and a P2Y₁₂ inhibitor (clopidogrel, prasugrel or ticagrelor) is the recommended strategy for patients undergoing a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), while patients that undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are treated with ASA monotherapy. However, the response to these drugs as assessed with platelet function tests varies between patients. Despite these drugs, many patients still exhibit high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR), while platelet reactivity seems to be excessively inhibited in other patients. This review will discuss the use of platelet function testing in the prediction of atherothrombotic and bleeding events in patients undergoing PCI or CABG. Furthermore, options for tailoring based on platelet function testing in these patients are described.     

Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of Underdosed Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter

BackgroundAlthough direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been shown to be effective at reducing the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF), they are sometimes underdosed off-label to mitigate their associated higher bleeding risk. We sought to evaluate frequency and clinical outcomes of inappropriate underdosing of DOACS in patients with AF.MethodsWe conducted a study of subjects with AF who had a clinical indication for stroke prophylaxis (with a congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, age 65 to 47 years, sex category [CHA₂DS₂-VASc] of 2 or greater) and were prescribed 1 of the 4 clinically approved DOACs (apixaban, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, or edoxaban). We compared all-cause mortality, composite of stroke and systemic embolism, composite of myocardial infarction (MI), acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and coronary revascularization, and major bleeding between patients appropriately dosed and inappropriately underdosed.ResultsA total of 8125 patients met inclusion criteria, with a mean follow up of 2.2 ± 2 years. Of those, 1724 patients (21.2%) were inappropriately dosed. After adjusting for baseline variables, there was no difference in all-cause mortality, risk of stroke or systemic embolism, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) major bleeding, or composite of myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndromes, or coronary revascularization between patients appropriately dosed and inappropriately underdosed. In subgroup analysis, only apixaban demonstrated an increased incidence all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.49) with inappropriate underdosing. There was no difference in the remaining clinical outcomes noted on subgroup analysis.ConclusionUnderdosing of DOACs did not minimize risk of bleeding, systemic embolization or all-cause mortality in patients with AF. Inappropriate underdosing with apixaban in particular was associated with increased all-cause mortality.     

Sustained bleeding from bites of hatchling leeches

Prolongation of haemostatic parameters in the host achieved by hatchlingHirudo medicinalis differs quantitatively but not qualitatively from those achieved by adult leeches. The duration and the rate of blood loss from the bite wounds, the gain in body weight of leeches and the duration of feeding each increase with successive feeding episodes. The mean duration of bleeding from bite wounds of hatchling leeches feeding for the first time on human volunteers was 43 min compared to 6 min from control incisions and 600 min in adult leeches. The mean ‘whole body’ concentration of hirudin in 2-week-old hatchlings was 10 antithrombin units (AT-U) compared to 285 AT-U in the head of each adult leech.     

钛铗联合过氧化氢冲洗诊治消化性溃疡大出血的疗效观察

目的：观察钛铗联合过氧化氢冲洗诊治消化性溃疡大出血的效果。方法：对2001年10月-2002年10月在该院急诊内镜中发现消化性溃疡出血病例选择性使用3％过氧化氢冲洗后行钛铗止血。结果：48例患者61个溃疡，52处出血灶。出血源暴露：显效47处，有效5处，总有效率为100％。止血效果：钛铗止血成功51处，成功率98.1％。结论：钛铗治疗所致组织损伤小、安全、有效，无并发症，联合使用过氧化氢冲洗可以使其在操作过程中更准确地钳夹出血灶，缩短操作时间，减轻病人痛苦和经济负担，是一种较理想的、可行的方法。     

胆石症合并肝硬化门静脉高压症术中和术后出血的处理

目的总结胆道结石合并门静脉高压症的术中及术后出血的处理经验。方法对2000年1月至2005年7月收治的45例胆道结石合并门静脉高压症并手术的病人进行回顾性分析。结果本组45例病人，治愈38例，死亡7例，病死率为15．6％。发生肝肾功能衰竭，MODS5例，胆囊床大出血2例。死亡病例与肝功能分级有明显关系，肝功能A级死亡1例（5．6％），B级死亡3例（16．7％），C级死亡3例（33．3％）。术后出血9例（20％），包括腹腔内出血6例，消化道出血3例。术后出血病人中6例死亡（66．7％）。结论对合并有门静脉高压症的胆石症病人，加强围手术期处理，可降低死亡率。急诊手术先处理胆道疾病，Child A级病人行腹腔镜手术是安全的。合并有门静脉高压症的胆道疾病者，先行断流加分流手术，再行胆道手术，是最安全的方法。     

经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石出血风险因素分析

目的 探讨影响PCNL出血的风险因素. 方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2011年1月218例肾结石患者的临床资料.男131例,女87例.年龄19 ～70岁,平均48岁.其中鹿角形结石146例.7例有开放或PCNL手术史.合并糖尿病41例,高血压病89例.本组手术均由同一术者完成.对患者的性别、年龄、体质量指数、伴随疾病、结石类型、穿刺肾盏、通道数量、通道大小、手术时间及术者经验等相关因素进行单变量及多变量回归分析. 结果 207例手术获得成功,11例因通道建立失败改开放或终止手术.采用单通道碎石176例,多通道碎石31例.采用18 F通道163例,24 F通道44例.平均手术时间78.4 min.输血16例,输血率为7.7％,1例行选择性肾动脉栓塞,1例行肾脏切除.单变量分析中,鹿角形结石(P =0.034)、合并糖尿病(P =0.030)、通道数量(P=0.019)、通道大小(P =0.008)及手术时间(P=0.001)是影响输血率的主要因素.平均血红蛋白下降11.2 g/L.其中鹿角形结石患者平均血红蛋白下降(12.4±4.6)g/L,非鹿角形结石患者(8.3±3.3)g/L;单通道碎石(10.8±3.2)g/L,多通道碎石(13.2±3.5)g/L;18F通道碎石(10.5±2.5)g/L,24 F通道碎石(13.2±4.4) g/L;糖尿病患者(12.7±5.3) g/L,非糖尿病患者(10.8±4.1)g/L.鹿角形结石(P ＜0.001)、合并糖尿病(P =0.015)、通道数量(P =0.016)、通道大小(P ＜0.001)及手术时间(P ＜0.001)是影响血红蛋白下降的主要因素.年龄、性别、体质量指数、合并高血压、穿刺位置、既往手术史及术者经验不是影响出血的主要因素.多变量回归分析中,鹿角形结石( OR=1.92)、合并糖尿病(OR=1.75)、多通道(OR =2.45)、大通道(OR=1.32)及手术时间过长(OR=1.66)显著增加出血的风险. 结论 鹿角形结石、多通道、大通道、合并糖尿病及手术时间过长可显著增加PCNL出血的风险.     

6-氨基己酸和抑肽酶减少心瓣膜置换术术后出血的对比研究

目的对比研究6-氨基己酸和抑肽酶对减少心瓣膜置换术患者术后出血的效果，观察6-氨基己酸是否可能导致患者术后血栓形成及对肾功能的影响。方法79例心瓣膜置换术患者随机分为两组，6-氨基己酸组（39例）和抑肽酶组（40例），术中分别给予6-氨基己酸和抑肽酶；记录和计算两组患者术后24h内心包纵隔引流量／体表面积、输血量；测定术前、术中主动脉开放后、术后72h外周血D-二聚体和α2-抗纤溶酶水平；测定及计算术后72h与术前血浆肌酐清除率差（ACrCl72），术后72h与术前血浆肌酐清除率变化率（％△CrCl72）；观察围手术期有无血栓及栓塞发生。结果术后24h内心包纵隔引流量／体表面积比值6-氨基己酸组明显高于抑肽酶组（P=0．019），但两组患者术后输血量差别不明显（P〉0．05）。术前、术后72h两组患者血浆D-二聚体和α2-抗纤溶酶之间的差别无统计学意义（P=0．960，0．485），术中主动脉开放后抑肽酶组患者血浆D-二聚体和α2-抗纤溶酶均高于6-氨基己酸组（P=0．001，0．000）。两组患者的△CrCl72差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组患者术后均未观察到血栓形成或者栓塞。结论6-氨基己酸对减少心瓣膜置换术患者术后出血的有效性虽不及抑肽酶，但不增加术后输血量；剂量适当亦不会导致血栓形成和明显的肾损害。     

Effectiveness of collagen/oxidised regenerated cellulose/silver‐containing composite wound dressing for the treatment of medium‐depth split‐thickness skin graft donor site wounds in multi‐morbid patients: a prospective,non‐comparative,single‐centre study

Split‐thickness skin grafting (STSG) is a widely used method in reconstructive surgery, but donor site wounds (DSWs) are often slow healing and painful. This prospective study evaluated the performance of a composite wound dressing containing collagen/oxidised regenerated cellulose in the treatment of medium‐depth (0·4 mm) DSWs in 25 multi‐morbid patients with chronic leg ulcers requiring STSG. The range of patients' ages was 44–84 years (mean 71·6 years) with DSW sizes ranging between 12 and 162 cm² (mean 78 cm²). Comorbidities included anticoagulation therapy (15 patients), anaemia (11 patients), diabetes (6 patients) and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ulcer colonisation (6 patients). The first dressing change was performed after 10 days. Complete reepithelialisation was observed between the 10th and 34th day (mean 17·2, median 14 days). Postoperative medium to strong bleeding occurred in only five patients (four with anticoagulation). Wound pain levels one day after harvesting were only moderate (range 0–1·5, mean 0·5, median 0·5 on a six‐item scale). No wound infection was observed during the first dressing. The composite dressing used allowed for the fast healing of medium‐depth DSWs with minimal or no postoperative pain and bleeding in older multi‐morbid patients under anticoagulation treatment.     

胃十二指肠溃疡出血胃切除术后大出血的外科治疗

目的 总结胃十二指肠溃疡出血行胃大部切除术后大出血再手术治疗的经验。方法 对我院1980年至2002年间收治的26例胃切除术后大出血再手术患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果 本组有6例术前行急诊胃镜检查，11例行术中胃镜检查，2例采用超选择性动脉造影。11例球部旷置溃疡出血或球后溃疡出血者，采取旷置溃疡切除或十二指肠球部及降部纵行切开、直视下缝合出血点，同时阻断十二指肠周围血管手术；13例吻合口出血者，局部缝扎止血、切除原吻合口，再作毕Ⅱ式重建或行空肠胃Roux-en-Y吻合；还有2例行再次胃切除手术。治愈24例(92．3％)；死亡2例(7．7%)，均为术后再出血者。结论 术前采用超选择性血管造影及术中胃镜检查，有利于明确出血部位及原因；选择恰当的手术方式对防止术后再出血非常重要。