引流管植入联合羊膜移植和Molteno植入物治疗角膜移植术后青光眼的研究

目的：探讨房水引流管植入联合羊膜移植对角膜移植术后难治性青光眼的治疗作用。方法：应用α－糜蛋白酶行兔眼后房注射制备青光眼动物模型,把它们随机分为照组、单纯引流管植入组、引流管植入加羊膜移植组、引流管加羊膜支架植入联合羊膜移植组,观察眼内压、管周组织学改变、引流管周组织渗透性,并且比较各治疗组对难治性青光眼的疗效。临床上４１例（４２眼）穿透性角膜移植术后青光眼进行了房水引流管植入联合羊膜移植１２眼和     

Management of Major Portosystemic Shunting in Small-for-Size Adult Living-Related Donor Liver Transplantation with a Left-Sided Graft Liver

PURPOSE: We investigated the mechanisms of small-for-size graft syndrome by time-lag ligation, a novel approach to treating major portosystemic shunts in small-for-size adult living-related donor liver transplantation (LRDLT) using left-sided graft liver. METHODS: Five patients with end-stage liver failure and major splenorenal shunting underwent LRDLT using left lobe grafts. The average graft volume to recipient body weight (GV/RBW) ratio was 0.68 +/- 0.14. Two patients underwent time-lag ligation of their splenorenal (SR) shunts on postoperative days (PODs) 8 and 14, respectively. The shunts of the other three patients were untreated. RESULTS: The portal pressures in the first patient who underwent time-lag ligation rose above 300 mmH(2)O and remained there for 2 weeks. Thus, we ligated the SR shunt in the second patient on POD 14, resulting in an increase from 177 mmH(2)O to 258 mmH(2)O, but it decreased again thereafter. In the other three patients, the SR shunt was not ligated because portal blood flow volumes remained sufficient. Total bilirubin levels in the first time-lag ligation patient rose to 16 mg/dl, paralleling the rise in portal pressures. Although they increased after ligation in the second patient, they did not exceed 10 mg/dl. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend time-lag ligation if portal venous blood flow decreases in the early post-transplant period, but not until at least 2 weeks after transplantation. If the portal venous blood flow does not decrease, early postoperative ligation is unnecessary. If there are no major portosystemic shunts, making a portosystemic shunt might decompress excessive portal hypertension. With donor safety priority in LRDLT, novel approaches must be developed to enable the use of smaller donor grafts. We describe a potential means of using left lobe grafts in adult LRDLT.     

多排CT对肝细胞癌动门脉分流诊断能力研究

目的 评价多排CT(MDCT)技术诊断肝细胞癌(HCC)合并动门脉分流(APS)的能力。方法 282例HCC接受MDCT肝动脉早期、晚期和门脉期薄层增强扫描和数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查。APS的诊断标准;(1)门脉主干和(或)1级分支增强早于肠系膜上静脉或脾静脉,或门脉主干和(或)1级分支显影密度大于肠系膜上静脉或脾静脉;(2)门脉2级及以下分支增强早于门脉主干,或门脉2级及以下分支显影密度大于门脉主干。采用双盲法分析、比较MDCT和DSA显示APS的结果。结果 全组有56例HCC合并APS。MDCT显示中央型APS 48例,其中重度41例,中度7例,有1例HCC病灶巨大,DSA未能显示合并的中度分流;轻度周围型APS7例,有2例因分流量小DSA未能显示。1例中度混合型APS MDCT和DSA均显示。结论 MDCT是一种简便、有效、非侵入性诊断HCC合并APS的新技术。     

Post-shunt ascites in infants with optic chiasmal hypothalamic astrocytoma: role of ventricular gallbladder shunt

Introduction We report a series of infants with optic chiasmal hypothalamic astrocytomas (OCHAs) who developed abdominal ascites following ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunting. The mechanism of ascites development among these patients with OCHA remains speculative and unclear. Methods We treated four infants with hypothalamic tumors who were shunted for hydrocephalus using standard VP shunts and who subsequently experienced symptomatic ascites. Results In three patients the gallbladder proved an effective alternative site for shunting prior to conversion to other sites, and in one patient the gallbladder shunt remains functional and revision-free.Conclusions Several aspects of the gallbladder as a reservoir for CSF make this approach appealing. Ventricular gallbladder shunting provided an effective (at least temporarily) receptacle for CSF in these patients.     

How should primary aqueductal stenosis in adults be treated? – A review

In 10% of adult patients with hydrocephalus, the cause is because of aqueductal stenosis (AS), causing enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles. There are currently two alternate forms of surgical treatment for AS; shunt surgery and ventriculostomy. Shunt surgery is associated with high complication rates and many patients need revisions, but the effectiveness is high. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), re-establishing a physiological route of CSF dynamics, has become the treatment of choice for AS in most neurosurgical centers. ETV has fewer complications and revisions are rare, but some patients need shunt surgery to improve despite a patent ventriculostomy. There are today no common criteria for patient selection to either ETV or ventriculo-peritoneal shunt surgery.     

Post traumatic retropharyngeal pseudomeningocele

Summary The authors report a case of a 33-year-old man who presented, during recovery from coma due to severe head injury, dysphagia and respiratory failure. Magnetic resonance, retrograde radionuclide myelography and computerized tomographic myelography identified a pseudomeningocele in the retropharyngeal space due to a tear of the left C2 radicular sleeve. After failed medical management, the patient underwent lumbo peritoneal shunt. Magnetic resonance controls showed progressive collapse of the collection. After 3 months the patient was able to breathe spontaneously and to swallow. The authors describe pathogenesis, diagnostic strategy and principles of treatment of traumatic retropharyngeal pseudomeningoceles.     

Small-diameter prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunts in the treatment of portal hypertension

Background Portasystemic shunts, especially total shunts, are effective tools for reducing portal pressure and controlling variceal bleeding but lead to high risk of encephalopathy and accelerating liver failure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical effects of small-diameter expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE ) H-graft portacaval shunts in the treatment of portal hypertension.Methods Thirty-one patients with portal hypertension were treated with ePTFE small-diameter H-graft portacaval shunts from December 1995 to April 2002. Twenty-one had externally ringed grafts and 10 had non-ringed grafts; 20 had 10 mm diameter grafts and 11 had 8 mm grafts. The left gastric artery and coronary vein were ligated in 22 patients. Additionally, 6 patients underwent pericardial devascularization, and splenectomies were performed on 30 patients.Results An average decrease of free portal pressure (FPP) from (32. 13 ±4. 86) cmH2O before shunting to (12. 55 ±5. 57) cmH2O after shunting was observed.     

正常压力脑积水分流术前后CT表现及脑脊液动力学变化分析

目的:通过研究正常压力脑积水(NPH)CT表现及脑脊液动力学在手术前后的变化以评价手术有效性。方法:所有病人均采用中压管行脑室-腹腔分流术。手术前后分别测量侧脑室额角宽度、额角间质水肿带宽度及三脑室、鞍上池大小,并观察临床症状的变化。结果:20例病人术后症状改善,CT提示脑室系统缩小,脑积水消失。结论:手术前后CT表现及脑脊液动力学的变化可以预测NPH分流手术的有效性。     

门奇断流/近端脾肾分流联合手术治疗门脉高压症疗效观察

目的评价门奇断流/近端脾肾分流联合手术治疗门脉高压症的疗效.方法将58例门脉高压症择期手术病人随机分为3组:(1)门奇断流术组(断流组)23例;(2)近端脾肾分流术组(分流组)19例;(3)门奇断流/近端脾肾分流联合手术组(联合组)16例,观察病人手术前后血流动力学指标、门脉高压性胃病的程度及近、远期疗效.结果关腹前联合组自由门静脉压明显低于断流组(P＜0.05),而与分流组的差别无显著性意义(P＞0.05),术后及随访时联合组门静脉直径、门静脉血流量均显著小于断流组(P＜0.05),术后门静脉血流速度和血流量显著大于分流组(P＜0.05);术后断流组门脉高压性胃病的程度明显重于分流组和联合组(P＜0.05),而分流组和联合组间的差别无显著性意义(P＞0.05).3组无手术死亡,近期未发生消化道出血和肝性脑病;在远期疗效上,联合组再出血率显著低于断流组(P＜0.05),肝功能分级显著好于分流组(P＜0.05).结论联合术应为目前门脉高压症外科治疗的理想术式.     

PaO2 during anaesthesia and years of smoking predict late postoperative hypoxaemia and complications after upper abdominal surgery in patients without preoperative cardiopulmonary dysfunction

Background: The incidence of late postoperative hypoxaemia and complications after upper abdominal surgery is 20–50% among cardiopulmonary healthy patients. Atelectasis development during anaesthesia and surgery is the main hypothesis to explain postoperative hypoxaemia. This study tested the predictive value of PaO₂<19 kPa during combined general and thoracic epidural anaesthesia and the preoperative functional residual capacity (FRC) reduction in the 30° head tilt‐down position for the development of late prolonged postoperative hypoxaemia, PaO₂<8.5 kPa for a minimum of 3 out of 4 days, and other complications. Methods: Forty patients without cardiopulmonary morbidity, assessed by ECG, spirometry, FRC and diffusion capacity preoperatively, underwent upper abdominal surgery. PaO₂ during anaesthesia and preoperative FRC reduction were compared to known risk factors for the development of hypoxaemia and complications: age, pack‐years of smoking and duration of operation. The effect of optimizing pulmonary compliance with peroperative positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) on postoperative hypoxaemia and complications was evaluated in a blinded and randomized manner. Results: Late prolonged postoperative hypoxaemia and other complications were found in 37% and 38% of the patients, respectively. Patients with PaO₂>19 kPa during anaesthesia with F_IO₂=0.33 exhibited a risk, irrespective of PEEP status, of suffering late prolonged hypoxaemia of 0% (0;23) and patients with PaO₂<19 kPa a risk of 52% (32;71), P<0.005. Having smoked more than 20 pack‐years was associated with a 47% (19;75) higher incidence of postoperative complications than having smoked less than 20 pack‐years, P<0.006. Conclusions: PaO₂ during anaesthesia and smoked pack‐years provide new tools evaluating patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery in order to predict the patients who develop late postoperative hypoxaemia and complications.